{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:34:11Z","timestamp":1789443251316,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000769","name":"University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2112\u2010PPCF\u2010743 Public Policy Challenge Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2112\u2010PPCF\u2010743 Public Policy Challenge Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate associations between e\u2010cigarette flavour and smoking cessation and study product use at 6\u00a0months or longer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary analysis of data from a living systematic review, with meta\u2010analyses and narrative synthesis, incorporating data up to January 2022. Included studies provided people who smoked combustible cigarettes with nicotine e\u2010cigarettes for the purpose of smoking cessation compared with no treatment or other stop smoking interventions. Measurements included smoking cessation and study product use at 6\u00a0months or longer reported as risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI); and flavour use at any time\u2010points.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 16 studies (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910\u2009336); 14 contributed to subgroup analyses and 10 provided participants with a choice of e\u2010cigarette flavour. We judged nine, five and two studies at high, low and unclear risk of bias, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed no clear associations between flavour and cessation or product use. In all but one analysis, tests for subgroup differences resulted in <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> values between 0 and 35%. In the comparison between nicotine e\u2010cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) (<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u200965.2% for subgroup differences), studies offering tobacco flavour e\u2010cigarettes showed evidence of a greater proportion of participants still using at 6\u2009months or longer (RR\u2009=\u20093.81; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.45\u201310.05; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091181; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u200984%), whereas there was little evidence for greater 6\u2010month use when studies offered a choice of flavours (RR\u2009=\u20091.44; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.80\u20132.56; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009454; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u200982%). However, substantial statistical heterogeneity within subgroups makes interpretation of this result unclear. In the 10 studies where participants had a choice of flavours, and this was tracked over time, some switching between flavours occurred, but there were no clear patterns in flavour preferences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There does not appear to be a clear association between e\u2010cigarette flavours and smoking cessation or longer\u2010term e\u2010cigarette use, possibly due to a paucity of data. There is evidence that people using e\u2010cigarettes to quit smoking switch between e\u2010cigarette flavours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T15:58:55Z","timestamp":1668787135000},"page":"634-645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["An exploration of flavours in studies of e\u2010cigarettes for smoking cessation: secondary analyses of a systematic review with meta\u2010analyses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2539-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Lindson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8577-6574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ailsa R.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Liber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program Georgetown University\u2010Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5280-3612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program Georgetown University\u2010Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoebe","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, Research department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Theodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0876-3304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin","family":"Notley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Group, Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Rigotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9898-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Hartmann\u2010Boyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","author":"Hartmann\u2010Boyce J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2020-055999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3826"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00418-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00332-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30307-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3850-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61842-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00022-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240968"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.18889"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"ElyJ.Evaluation of the use of electric cigarettes in a rural smoking cessation program. 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