{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:03:28Z","timestamp":1785449008401,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To measure the association between problem gambling severity and 19 different gambling activities among emerging adults (aged 16\u201326).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>An online non\u2010probability longitudinal survey collecting data in two waves: wave 1, July\/August 2019; wave 2, July\/October 2020.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Great Britain<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 2080 young adults participating in both waves.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Problem gambling scores were collected using the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). Binary variables recorded past year participation in 19 different gambling forms, ranging from lotteries to online casino and gambling\u2010like practices within digital games (e.g. loot box purchase, skin betting). Controls included socio\u2010demographic\/economic characteristics, the Eysenck Impulsivity Scale and the number of gambling activities undertaken.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Zero inflated negative binomial model lacked evidence of an effect between past year participation in any individual activities and subsequent PGSI scores. However, negative binomial random effects models for current gamblers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009497) showed that skin betting (incidence\u2010rate ratio [IRR] = 2.32; 95% CI = 1.69\u20133.19), fixed odd betting terminals (IRR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.61\u20133.05), slot\/fruit machines (IRR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.07\u20131.91), online betting on horse\/dog races (IRR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.17\u20132.00) and online betting on non\u2010sports events (IRR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.11\u20131.89) were associated with increased PGSI scores. Online casino gambling had a significant interaction by wave; the impact of online casino betting in wave 2 on PGSI scores increased by a factor of 1.61.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Past year participation of young adults (aged 16\u201326) in certain forms of gambling does not appear to be associated with future Problem Gambling Severity Index scores. Among young adults who are current gamblers, past year participation in certain land\u2010based (e.g. electronic gaming machines) and online forms (e.g. skin betting) of gambling appears to be strongly associated with elevated Problem Gambling Severity Index scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T13:18:25Z","timestamp":1673011105000},"page":"1127-1139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The relationship between problematic gambling severity and engagement with gambling products: Longitudinal analysis of the Emerging Adults Gambling Survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1361-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Wardle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Political Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Policy London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Tipping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sarah Tipping Consultant  Lingfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.00962.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"BindeP.What are the most harmful forms of gambling? Analyzing problem gambling prevalence surveys. Centre for Public Sector Research. 2009. Available at:https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.878.7147&rep=rep1&type=pdf\/. Accessed 07.03.2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ad*d.15449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckp177"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7738-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"ParkeJ ParkeA BlaszczynskiA.Key issues in product\u2010based harm minimisation: examining theory evidence and policy issues relevant in Great Britain. Responsible Gambling Trust. 2016. Available at:https:\/\/www.begambleaware.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-12\/pbhm-final-report-december-2016.pdfAccessed 30.08.2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-022-10106-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33684\/2021.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Exploring the changing landscape of gambling in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood","author":"Russell A","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2021.00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"ForrestD McHaleI.Gambling and problem gambling among young adults: insights from a longitudinal study of parents and children.2018. GambleAware. Available at:https:\/\/www.begambleaware.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-12\/gambling-and-problem-gambling-among-young-adults-revision-10818-final-publish-002.pdfAccessed 10.02.2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Department of Digital Culture Media and Sport.Review of the gambling act 2005: terms of reference and call for evidence.2020. Available online:https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/review-of-the-gambling-act-2005-terms-of-reference-and-call-for-evidence\/review-of-the-gambling-act-2005-terms-of-reference-and-call-for-evidenceAccessed on 18 June 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0360-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74910-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","volume-title":"Loot boxes and digital gaming: a rapid evidence assessment","author":"Jayemanne D","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15969.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17457280802305169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"KennedyC MercerA KeeterS HatleyN McGeeneyK GimenezA.Evaluating online nonprobability surveys. 2016. Pew Research. Available athttps:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/methods\/2016\/05\/02\/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys\/Accessed 10.03.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: final report","author":"Ferris J","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1977.tb01003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.74.2.387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03100.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511973420"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139236065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1982.10482818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106876"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100288"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-020-00443-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"Gambling behaviour in Great Britain in 2016","author":"Connolly A","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","unstructured":"Gambling Commission.Operator data: July 2021 to Dec 2021. Available at:https:\/\/www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk\/statistics-and-research\/publication\/gambling-business-data-on-gambling-during-covid-19-july-2021-to-december#filesAccessed 15.03.2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-021-10029-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118763520.ch2"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.16125","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.16125","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.16125","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T09:43:49Z","timestamp":1695289429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.16125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.16125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16125","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}