{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:39:12Z","timestamp":1787593152014,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1819\u2010HQ\u2010000036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1819\u2010HQ\u2010000036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While daily witnessed opioid agonist treatment (OAT) ingestion is common in British Columbia (BC), Canada, and elsewhere, sparse evidence supports this resource\u2010intensive practice. Many settings across North America relaxed restrictions for take\u2010home dosing during the COVID\u201019 pandemic and have reported consistent or improved patient outcomes. This study measured excess expenditures attributed to daily witnessed pharmacy dispensing compared with weekly or biweekly dispensation schedules.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was a population\u2010level retrospective analysis. We included all methadone, buprenorphine\/naloxone and slow\u2010release oral morphine dispensations in BC from 1\u2009January 2014 to 30\u2009December 2020. A total of 24\u2009357\u2009107 OAT dispensations among 51\u2009195 unique individuals with 122\u2009793 person\u2010years of follow\u2010up were included during the study period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total expenditures for each person\u2010week of OAT with an estimated expenditure under two scenarios are as follows: (1) a weekly dispensation scenario and (2) a biweekly dispensation scenario.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated excess expenditures attributable to current dispensing practices of between $38\u2009million (2014) and $47.4\u2009million (2018) compared with a hypothetical weekly dispensing schedule, and $43.9\u2009million (2014) to $54.9\u2009million (2018) compared with biweekly dispensing. The majority of these expenditures (58\u201364%) were attributed to pharmacy dispensing fees ($23\u2009million in 2014 to $30\u2009million in 2018 compared with weekly dispensing; $26.6\u2009million in 2014 to $34.7\u2009million in 2018 compared with biweekly dispensing).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Daily witnessed opioid agonist treatment ingestion results in more than $30 million in excess expenditures annually in the province of British Columbia, Canada compared with the costs of weekly or biweekly dispensation schedules.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T04:30:34Z","timestamp":1676089834000},"page":"1376-1380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Incremental expenditures attributable to daily dispensation and witnessed ingestion for opioid agonist treatment in British Columbia: 2014\u201320"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2513-3718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohdan","family":"Nosyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences St Paul\u2019s Hospital  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Kurz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences St Paul\u2019s Hospital  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda Carolina","family":"Guerra\u2010Alejos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Piske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences St Paul\u2019s Hospital  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Ministry of Mental Health &amp; Addictions  Victoria BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Eun","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences St Paul\u2019s Hospital  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Government of British Columbia.A Guideline FOR THE Clinical Management of Opioid Use Disorder. Victoria BC: Government of British Columbia;2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Supervised dosing with a long\u2010acting opioid medication in the management of opioid dependence","volume":"4","author":"Saulle R","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"e194","article-title":"Opioid use disorder in primary care: PEER umbrella systematic review of systematic reviews","volume":"65","author":"Korownyk C","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).TIP 63: Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. Rockville MD: SAMHSA;2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"What is the treatment need versus the diversion risk for opioid use disorder treatment?","author":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2021.1946892"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"British Columbia Ministry of Health [creator]. PharmaNet.British Columbia Ministry of Health [publisher]. Data extract. Ministry of Health;2019. Available at:http:\/\/www.health.gov.bc.ca\/data\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Government of British Columbia.Pharmacy services covered by PharmaCare. Available at:https:\/\/www2.gov.bc.ca\/gov\/content\/health\/health-drug-coverage\/pharmacare-for-bc-residents\/what-we-cover\/pharmacy-fees-services(accessed 23 November 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"Government of British Columbia.8.8 methadone maintenance payment program. Available at:https:\/\/www2.gov.bc.ca\/gov\/content\/health\/practitioner-professional-resources\/pharmacare\/pharmacare-publications\/pharmacare-policy-manual-2012\/pharmacyfees-subsidies-providerpayment\/methadone-maintenance-payment-program(accessed 23 November 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00535-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108799"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"British Columbia Center on Substance Use.Opioid Use Disorder Practice Update. Victoria BC: Government of British Columbia;2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.1271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2021.1979991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000812"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.1776"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1111\/add.16489","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000}}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.16160","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.16160","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.16160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:16:28Z","timestamp":1787591788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.16160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.16160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16160","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}