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We searched multiple data sources (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library) from inception to January 2022, finding 21 RCTs evaluating a total of 2862 people with opioid dependence receiving MMT. The primary outcome was the opioid\u2010positive rate (assessed by urinalysis) and the secondary outcome was treatment discontinuation (the number of patients who terminated the study for any reason). We performed random\u2010effects Bayesian meta\u2010analysis. We used relative ranking using surface under the cumulative ranking method and certainty of evidence using grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy (CBT) [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u00a00.66, 95% credible interval (CI)\u2009=\u00a00.66\u20130.96; low certainty] and educational and behavioral counseling (EBC) (OR\u2009=\u00a00.28, 95% CI\u2009=\u00a00.12\u20130.25; high certainty) were more effective than treatment as usual (TAU) in efficacy. In terms of treatment discontinuation, at the end of the follow\u2010up period there was no statistical significance among psychosocial interventions. According to the ranking probabilities, EBC might be the most effective treatment and behavioral couples\u2019 therapy (BCT) might be the best discontinuation treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Educational and behavioral counseling and cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy appear to be the most effective psychosocial interventions for opioid\u2010dependent people receiving methadone maintenance treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T22:33:25Z","timestamp":1676414005000},"page":"1029-1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparative efficacy of psychosocial interventions for opioid\u2010dependent people receiving methadone maintenance treatment: A network meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4202-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Sun Yat\u2010sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research and Big Data Laboratory, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu\u2010Moxi and Rehabilitation Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research and Big Data Laboratory, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu\u2010Moxi and Rehabilitation Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research and Big Data Laboratory, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu\u2010Moxi and Rehabilitation Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rouhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research and Big Data Laboratory, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu\u2010Moxi and Rehabilitation Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research and Big Data Laboratory, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu\u2010Moxi and Rehabilitation Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research and Big Data Laboratory, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu\u2010Moxi and Rehabilitation Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songhua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Sun Yat\u2010sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research and Big Data Laboratory, South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu\u2010Moxi and Rehabilitation Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Mack KA, Jones CM, Paulozzi LJ. 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