{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T07:28:49Z","timestamp":1774596529359,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,12]],"date-time":"2023-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIHR\u2010FRN#171259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR\u2010FRN#171259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018517","name":"Office for National Statistics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018517","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023233","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rate of drug poisoning (or overdose) deaths in England and Wales has risen annually since 2010. We aimed to measure seasonal and other cyclical changes in these deaths within years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used the daily count of deaths due to drug poisoning in England and Wales between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2018 to investigate variation by season, weekday, week\u2010of\u2010month and public holiday. We used Poisson regression to estimate the count of deaths per day for each of these variables and peak\u2010to\u2010low ratios. We also stratified the analysis by time period and whether an opioid was mentioned on the death certificate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>78\u2009583 deaths occurred between 1993 and 2018, increasing from 5.50 (95% confidence interval\u00a0[CI] = 5.24\u20135.77) per day in 1993 to 13.18 (95% CI = 12.66\u201313.72) per day in 2018. The rate peaked in Spring and was 1.07 (95% CI = 1.04\u20131.09) times higher in April than in October. This seasonal pattern emerged in the past decade and was only present for opioid\u2010related deaths. The rate at New Year was 1.28 (95% CI = 1.17\u20131.41) times higher than on non\u2010holidays; and this peak was only present for deaths that were not related to opioids. The rate was higher on Saturday than on other weekdays. We did not find evidence that the number of deaths varied by week\u2010of\u2010month.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Deaths due to drug poisoning in England and Wales are seasonal and peak in Spring and briefly at New Year. This suggests a role of external triggers. These seasonal variations are small compared with long\u2010term increases in drug\u2010related deaths.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T07:50:23Z","timestamp":1677484223000},"page":"1596-1601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Seasonal, weekly and other cyclical patterns in deaths due to drug poisoning in England and Wales"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3698-7196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Lewer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London  London UK"},{"name":"UK Health Security Agency  London UK"},{"name":"Bradford Institute for Health Research Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5570-5556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Brothers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Dalhousie University  Halifax Nova Sotia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gasparrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Environmental Health Research London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5413-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Strang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Addictions Centre King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003194"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agv037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00181-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103707"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00007-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907083410206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30044-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Mortality from suicide and drug\u2010related poisoning by day of the week in England and Wales, 1993\u20102002","volume":"27","author":"Johnson H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Stat Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdl059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.21060604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","volume-title":"Association between drug poisoning deaths and season, week, weekday, and public holidays: protocol for a time series analysis of daily counts in England and Wales, 1993\u20102018","author":"Lewer D","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"Number of drug\u2010related deaths by individual day of occurrence, England and Wales, occurred between 1993 and 2018 and registered by the end of 2021","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Deaths related to drug poisoning by selected substances, England and Wales","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales QMI","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","volume-title":"Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2021 registrations","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"Substance misuse treatment for adults: statistics 2020 to 2021","author":"Office for Health Improvement and Disparities","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","volume-title":"Welfare trends report: January 2018","author":"Office for Budget 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