{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:18:39Z","timestamp":1787595519652,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The inclusion of gaming disorder (GD) in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD\u201011) has generated scholarly debate, including claims about its potential stigmatizing effects on the wider gaming population. The present study aimed to estimate the effect of addiction\u2010based and non\u2010addiction\u2013based conceptualizations of problem gaming on stigma of gamers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This preregistered experiment involved a 2 (health information: addiction\u2010related or non\u2010addiction\u2010related)\u2009\u00d7\u20093 (vignette: problem, regular or casual gamer) randomized, between\u2010subjects design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An international sample of participants was recruited via Prolific in June and July 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were eligible (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091228) if they were aged 35 to 50\u2009years, played video games for no more than 6\u00a0hours per week and did not endorse DSM\u20105 or ICD\u201011 criteria for GD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention and comparator<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were provided with an explanation of problem gaming as related to either an addictive disorder (i.e. \u2018addiction\u2019 explanation) or personal choice and lifestyle factors (i.e. \u2018non\u2010addiction\u2019 explanation).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Attribution Questionnaire (AQ) and Universal Stigma Scale (USS) assessed stigma toward each gamer vignette. Vignettes described a problem gamer (with features of GD); a regular gamer (frequent gaming; some life interference); and a casual gamer (infrequent gaming; no life interference).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Problem gamer vignettes (mean [\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      ]\u2009=\u2009113.3; 95% CI\u2009=\u2009111.5\u2013115.4) received higher AQ stigma ratings than regular (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200994.0; 95% CI\u2009=\u200991.9\u201395.9) and casual gamers (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200980.1; 95% CI\u2009=\u200978.2\u201382.1). Although significant, the effect of health information type on AQ stigma ratings was negligible (addiction group [\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200997.6; 95% CI\u2009=\u200995.9\u201399.1], non\u2010addiction group [\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200994.1; 95% CI\u2009=\u200992.6\u201395.8]). However, the addiction information group scored lower on USS blame and responsibility than the non\u2010addiction information group with at least a small effect (99.1% confidence).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Framing of problem gaming as an addictive disorder or non\u2010addictive activity appears to have a negligible effect on stigma of different gamers among middle\u2010age adults with minimal gaming experience. The concept of \u2018gaming addiction\u2019 seems unlikely to be an important influence on public stigma of gaming.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T05:31:59Z","timestamp":1681795919000},"page":"1687-1698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Gaming disorder and stigma\u2010related judgements of gaming individuals: An online randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9612-4192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina R.","family":"Galanis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Psychology and Social Work Flinders University  Adelaide 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