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The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool assessed risk of bias in the included studies. A random effect meta\u2010analysis with robust variance estimation was conducted to measure the effect of CBTs relative to minimally treated or no treatment control groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010nine studies representing 3991 participants were identified. CBTs significantly reduced gambling disorder severity (\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22121.14, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22121.68, \u22120.60, 95% prediction interval [PI]\u2009=\u2009\u22122.97, 0.69), gambling frequency (\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.54, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.80, \u22120.27, 95% PI\u2009=\u2009\u22121.48, 0.40) and gambling intensity (\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.32, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.51, \u22120.13, 95% PI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.76, 0.12) at post\u2010treatment relative to control. CBTs had no significant effect on follow\u2010up outcomes. Analyses supported the presence of publication bias and high heterogeneity in effect size estimates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive\u2010behavioral techniques are a promising treatment for reducing gambling disorder and gambling behavior; however, the effect of cognitive\u2010behavioral techniques on gambling disorder severity and gambling frequency and intensity at post\u2010treatment is overestimated, and cognitive\u2010behavioral techniques may not be reliably efficacious for all individuals seeking treatment for problem gambling and gambling disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T01:11:53Z","timestamp":1688001113000},"page":"1661-1674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Effect of cognitive\u2010behavioral techniques for problem gambling and gambling disorder: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9719-503X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory A.","family":"Pfund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Memphis  Memphis Tennessee USA"},{"name":"Tennessee Institute for Gambling Education &amp; 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