{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:03:47Z","timestamp":1787238227984,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FWO19\/PDS\/041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO19\/PDS\/041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004385","name":"Universiteit Gent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOF16\/MET_V\/002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF16\/MET_V\/002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n ABC\u2010training is a new intervention to encourage health behavior change that targets the automatic activation of adaptive beliefs (i.e. automatic inferences). The aim of this proof\u2010of\u2010principle study was to test the effectiveness of web\u2010based ABC\u2010training to change outcome expectancies of alcohol drinking in a sample of hazardous drinkers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n One exploratory and one confirmatory experiment with two between\u2010subject conditions (online ABC\u2010 and control\u2010training) and assessments at baseline and 1\u2009week later (after three sessions of training).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Participants recruited on Prolific Academic completed the web\u2010based study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n Adults with self\u2010reported hazardous alcohol drinking (Experiment 1: 193 adults, United Kingdom, age mean = 46.7\u2009years; Experiment 2: 282 adults, different nationalities, age mean = 38.3\u2009years).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention and Comparator<\/jats:title>\n ABC\u2010training involved completing an online task that required choosing personally relevant alternative behaviors to drinking alcohol in personally relevant antecedent contexts to attain personally important outcomes. Comparator was control\u2010training, in which participants selected both the alternative behaviors and alcohol drinking an equal number of times. Training was completed at baseline, after 3\u2009days and after 1\u2009week.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Measurements<\/jats:title>\n Primary outcome was change in automatic and self\u2010reported (negative\/positive) outcome expectancies of alcohol drinking from baseline to after 1\u2009week. Secondary outcomes were change in weekly alcohol consumption, self\u2010efficacy, craving and motivation (and approach\u2010alcohol associations in Experiment 1). Moderators were baseline outcome scores, motivation, age and alcohol dependency.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \n Findings of this study are as follows: stronger increase in negative outcome expectancies after ABC\u2010 than control\u2010training (Experiment 1: self\u2010report, 95% confidence interval of difference scores (CI\n diff<\/jats:sub>\n )\u2009=\u2009[0.04, Inf]; automatic, CI\n diff<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u2009[0.01, Inf]; Experiment 2: self\u2010report, CI\n diff<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u2009[0.16, Inf]; automatic, CI\n diff<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u2009[0.002, Inf]). Stronger reduction in self\u2010reported positive outcome expectancies after ABC\u2010 than control\u2010training (Experiment 1: CI\n diff<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u2009[\u2212Inf, \u22120.01]; Experiment 2: CI\n diff<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u2009[\u2212Inf, \u22120.21]) but mixed findings on automatic positive outcome expectancies (Experiment 1: CI\n diff<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u2009[\u2212Inf, 0.02]; Experiment 2: CI\n diff<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u2009[\u2212Inf, \u22120.001]).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n ABC\u2010training may change outcome expectancies of alcohol consumption, but testing of clinically relevant effects in other samples is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T18:24:08Z","timestamp":1687631048000},"page":"2141-2155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["ABC\u2010training as a new intervention for hazardous alcohol drinking: Two proof\u2010of\u2010principle randomized pilot studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3401-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Van Dessel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Learning and Implicit Processes (LIP) Lab, Department of Experimental\u2010Clinical and Health Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Cummins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Learning and Implicit Processes (LIP) Lab, Department of Experimental\u2010Clinical and Health Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinout W.","family":"Wiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Center for Urban Mental Health University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Alcohol\u2010use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.Drinking levels defined. 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