{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:50:15Z","timestamp":1792464615890,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015615","name":"National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG1DA049435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG1DA049435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015615","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnosis codes are often used in research to identify patients with opioid use disorder (OUD), but their accuracy for this purpose is not fully evaluated. This study describes application of ICD\u201010 diagnosis codes for opioid use, dependence and abuse from an electronic health record (EHR) data extraction using data from the clinics' OUD patient registries and clinician\/staff EHR entries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional observational study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four rural primary care clinics in Washington and Idaho, USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>307 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used three data sources from each clinic: (1) a limited dataset extracted from the EHR, (2) a clinic\u2010based registry of patients with OUD and (3) the clinician\/staff interface of the EHR (e.g. progress notes, problem list). Data source one included records with six commonly applied ICD\u201010 codes for opioid use, dependence and abuse: F11.10 (opioid abuse, uncomplicated), F11.20 (opioid dependence, uncomplicated), F11.21 (opioid dependence, in remission), F11.23 (opioid dependence with withdrawal), F11.90 (opioid use, unspecified, uncomplicated) and F11.99 (opioid use, unspecified with unspecified opioid\u2010induced disorder). Care coordinators used data sources two and three to categorize each patient identified in data source one: (1) confirmed OUD diagnosis, (2) may have OUD but no confirmed OUD diagnosis, (3) chronic pain with no evidence of OUD and (4) no evidence for OUD or chronic pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>F11.10, F11.21 and F11.99 were applied most frequently to patients who had clinical diagnoses of OUD (64%, 89% and 79%, respectively). F11.20, F11.23 and F11.90 were applied to patients who had a diagnostic mix of OUD and chronic pain without OUD. The four clinics applied codes inconsistently.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lack of uniform application of ICD diagnosis codes make it challenging to use diagnosis code data from EHR to identify a research population of persons with opioid use disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T05:20:24Z","timestamp":1694841624000},"page":"160-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Identifying patients with opioid use disorder using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes: Challenges and opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9112-2262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie P.","family":"Osterhage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih\u2010Ing","family":"Hser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa J.","family":"Mooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Emmes Company  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Saxon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Ledgerwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Social Service Solutions, LLC  New Meadows Idaho USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb C.","family":"Holtzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Providence Northeast Washington Medical Group  Colville Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Mary's Health  Cottonwood Idaho USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2714-2039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Clingan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine University of Florida College of Medicine  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura\u2010Mae","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Provisional data shows U.S. drug overdose deaths top 100 000 in 2022|blogs|CDC [Internet]. 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