{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:15:38Z","timestamp":1791094538507,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,17]],"date-time":"2023-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to measure the effectiveness of an on\u2010line, neuroscience\u2010based harm reduction intervention (The Illicit Project) on substance use, harms and knowledge over a 12\u2010month period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used a two\u2010arm cluster\u2010randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted at eight secondary schools across New South Wales, Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 950 (mean age\u2009=\u200915.9; standard deviation\u2009=\u20090.68) in grades 10\u201312 at participating schools in 2020 took part.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention and comparator<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Illicit Project intervention group (schools\u2009=\u2009five, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009681) received an on\u2010line, universal substance use and harm reduction programme over three classes. The active control group (schools\u2009=\u2009three, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009269) received school\u2010based health education as usual.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self\u2010report questionnaires assessed primary [alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine and prescription drug misuse] and secondary outcomes (alcohol\u2010related harms and drug literacy) at baseline and the 6\u2010 and 12\u2010month follow\u2010up assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately 63% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009595) of the sample completed the 12\u2010month follow\u2010up assessment, including 58% of the intervention group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009396\/679) and 66% of the active control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009179\/271). Participants in the intervention group had slower annual increases in binge drinking [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20090.33, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20090.12\u20130.89], nicotine use (OR\u2009=\u20090.80, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.52\u20131.23), MDMA use (OR\u2009=\u20090.14, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.02\u20131.00), cocaine use (OR\u2009=\u20090.06, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.01\u20130.64) and prescription drug misuse (OR\u2009=\u20090.07, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.01\u20130.54) compared with the active control group. There was limited evidence of an intervention effect on cannabis use and alcohol\u2010related harm (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.5). The secondary outcomes showed that the intervention group maintained higher levels of drug literacy knowledge (\u03b2\u2009=\u20093.71, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.86\u20135.56) and harm reduction help\u2010seeking skills (\u03b2\u2009=\u20091.55, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.62\u20132.48) compared with the active control group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Illicit Project (an on\u2010line, neuroscience\u2010based substance use harm reduction intervention) was effective in slowing the uptake of risky substance use and improving drug literacy skills among late secondary school students in Australia, compared with school\u2010based health education as usual.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T01:19:09Z","timestamp":1702862349000},"page":"741-752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An on\u2010line school\u2010based substance use harm reduction programme: The Illicit Project randomized controlled trial results"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9596-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Debenham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Birrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina E.","family":"Champion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6305-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Australian Institue of Health and Welfare (AIHW). 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