{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:42:56Z","timestamp":1790703776581,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n Hallucinogens encompass a diverse range of compounds of increasing scientific and public interest. Risks associated with hallucinogen use are under\u2010researched and poorly understood. We aimed to compare the trends in hallucinogen\u2010associated health\u2010care use with alcohol\u2010 and cannabis\u2010associated health\u2010care use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, setting and cases<\/jats:title>\n We conducted an ecological study with publicly available data on International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD\u201010) diagnosis codes associated with emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations from the California Department of Healthcare Access and Information (HCAI). HCAI includes primary and secondary ICD\u201010 codes reported with ED or hospital discharge from every non\u2010federal health\u2010care facility licensed in California, United States, from 2016 to 2022.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Measurements<\/jats:title>\n ICD\u201010 codes were classified as hallucinogen\u2010, cannabis\u2010 or alcohol\u2010associated if they were from the corresponding category in the ICD\u201010 block \u2018mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use\u2019.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \n Observed hallucinogen\u2010associated ED visits increased by 54% between 2016 and 2022, from 2260 visits to 3476 visits, compared with a 20% decrease in alcohol\u2010associated ED visits and a 15% increase in cannabis\u2010associated ED visits. The observed hallucinogen\u2010associated hospitalizations increased by 55% during the same period, from 2556 to 3965 hospitalizations, compared with a 1% increase in alcohol\u2010associated hospitalizations and a 1% increase in cannabis\u2010associated hospitalizations. This rise in hallucinogenic ED visits was significantly different from the trend in cannabis\u2010associated (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) and alcohol\u2010associated (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.005) ED visits. The hallucinogen\u2010associated hospitalizations trend also significantly differed when compared with cannabis\u2010 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) and alcohol\u2010associated (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) hospitalizations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Hallucinogen\u2010associated emergency department visits and hospitalizations in California, USA, showed a large relative but small absolute increase between 2016 and 2022.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T01:19:25Z","timestamp":1705022365000},"page":"960-964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Trends in hallucinogen\u2010associated emergency department visits and hospitalizations in California, USA, from 2016 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4031-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Garel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9544-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William G. Nash Foundation San Anselmo CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lembke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM\u20105 5th edn.Washington DC:APA Publishing;2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"The ICD\u201010 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2546"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01627-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211069100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16259"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Monitoring the Future Panel Study Annual Report","author":"Patrick M","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"Global Drug Survey (GDS) 2020: Psychedelics Key Findings Report","author":"Winstock AR","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221116926"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"California Department of Health Care Access and Information.Data and reports. Available at:https:\/\/hcai.ca.gov\/data\/request-data\/data-documentation\/(accessed 16 August 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).ICD\u201010\u2010CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2023. Available at:https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/files\/document\/fy-2023-icd-10-cm-coding-guidelines-updated-01\/11\/2023.pdf(accessed 20 August 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1659-20.2020"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.16432","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T03:55:22Z","timestamp":1763524522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.16432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.16432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16432","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}