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This study aimed to measure the longer\u2010term implications of COVID\u201019 on gambling participation and levels of gambling harm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Population\u2010based cohort study using group\u2010based trajectory modelling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Australia, using gambling participation, problem gambling risk, sociodemographic and psychosocial data from 2019 (pre COVID\u201019), 2020, 2021 (during COVID\u201019) and 2023 (post COVID\u201019).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A population representative survey of Australian adults, including four waves collected in April 2019 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092054), November 2020 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093029), October 2021 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093474) and January 2023 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093370), with a subset (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093160) of the sample having longitudinal data available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were asked which gambling activities they participated in over the past 12\u2009months for money. Problem gambling risk was measured by the nine\u2010item Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was an overall reduction in gambling participation during COVID\u201019 and return to pre\u2010pandemic levels for most gambling activities by 2023. The longitudinal analysis yielded four trajectories of gambling participation from 2019 to 2023, including individuals who (1) never gambled (25.0% of the longitudinal sample; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009789); (2) engaged in non\u2010problematic gambling (59.8%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20091888); (3) ceased gambling during COVID\u201019 and started again post pandemic (10.7%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009337); and (4) engaged in high risk gambling (4.6%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009146), with particular demographic and psychosocial profiles and patterns of participation in specific gambling activities related to these trajectories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although overall gambling participation rates decreased at the population level in Australia during COVID\u201019, by 2023 participation in gambling appeared to have nearly returned to pre\u2010pandemic levels. Patterns of gambling behavior before, during and after the pandemic appear to be heterogeneous.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T05:59:53Z","timestamp":1715320793000},"page":"1430-1439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gambling participation and risk after COVID\u201019: Analysis of a population representative longitudinal panel of Australians"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4254-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aino","family":"Suomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Gambling Research The Australian National University  Canberra Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Social Research and Methods The Australian National University  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8584-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Gambling Research The Australian National University  Canberra Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Social Research and Methods The Australian National University  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus H.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Research and Methods The Australian National University  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Biddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Research and Methods The Australian National University  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30230-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9300-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00509-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"el\u2010GuebalyN CaseyDM CurrieSR HodginsDC SchopflocherDP SmithGJ WilliamsRJ.The leisure lifestyle & lifecycle project (LLLP): a longitudinal study of gambling in Alberta. 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