{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:28:52Z","timestamp":1792085332931,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>UK\u2010based gambling policymakers have proposed affordability checks starting at monthly losses of \u00a3125. The present study combines open banking data with self\u2010reports of the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) and other relevant information to explore the harm profiles of people who gamble at different levels of electronic gambling behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, setting and participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a data fusion study in which participants consented to share their bank data via an open banking application programming interface (API) and who also completed relevant self\u2010report items. Hierarchical hurdle models were used to predict being an at\u2010risk gambler (PGSI\u2009&gt;\u20090) and being a \u2018higher\u2010risk\u2019 gambler (higher PGSI scores among those with non\u2010zero scores) using four specifications of electronic gambling behaviour (net\u2010spend, outgoing expenditure, incoming withdrawals, interaction model combining expenditure and withdrawals), and by adding self\u2010reported data across two additional steps. The study took place in the United Kingdom. Participants were past\u2010year people who gamble (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009424), recruited via Prolific.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self\u2010report measures were used of gambling\u2010related harm (PGSI), depression [Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ\u20109)], age and gender; bank\u2010recorded measures of income and electronic gambling behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unharmed gamblers had an average monthly gambling net\u2010spend of \u00a316.41, compared with \u00a3208.91 among highest\u2010risk gamblers (PGSI\u2009\u2265\u20095). Being an at\u2010risk gambler (PGSI\u2009&gt;\u20090) was predicted significantly by all four types of gambling behaviour throughout all three steps [1.08\u2009\u2264\u2009odds ratios (ORs)\u2009\u2264\u20092.92; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with only outgoing expenditure being significant in the interaction model (2.26\u2009\u2264\u2009ORs\u2009\u2264\u20092.81; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Higher PHQ\u20109 scores also predicted at\u2010risk gambling in steps 2\u20133 (1.09\u2009\u2264\u2009ORs\u2009\u2264\u20091.10; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), as did lower age (0.95\u2009\u2264\u2009ORs\u2009\u2264\u20090.96; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and male gender identity in step 3 (2.51\u2009\u2264\u2009ORs\u2009\u2264\u20092.95; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Being a higher\u2010risk gambler was predicted significantly by gambling behaviour only in the expenditure\u2010only (1.16\u2009\u2264\u2009ORs\u2009\u2264\u20091.17; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009\u2264\u20090.048) and withdrawal\u2010only (1.08\u2009\u2264\u2009ORs\u2009\u2264\u20091.09; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009\u2264\u20090.004) models, and was not predicted by income (0.98\u2009\u2264\u2009ORs\u2009\u2264\u20091.14; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009\u2265\u20090.601), age (0.98\u2009\u2264\u2009ORs\u2009\u2264\u20090.99; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009\u2265\u20090.143) or male gender identity (1.07\u2009\u2264\u2009ORs\u2009\u2264\u20091.15; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009\u2265\u20090.472).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The UK government's proposed affordability checks for gamblers should rarely affect people who are not experiencing gambling\u2010related harm. At\u2010risk gambling is predicted well by different types of gambling behaviour. Novel insights about gambling can be generated by fusing self\u2010reported and objective data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T06:11:05Z","timestamp":1716531065000},"page":"1826-1835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The relationship between gambling behaviour and gambling\u2010related harm: A data fusion approach using open banking data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0279-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Zendle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Newall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Department for Culture Media and Sport (DCMS).High stakes: gambling reform for the digital age. GOV.UK.2023[cited 2023 May 19]. Available from:https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/high-stakes-gambling-reform-for-the-digital-age\/high-stakes-gambling-reform-for-the-digital-age"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"The Canadian problem gambling index: Final report","author":"Ferris J","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation","author":"Browne M","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-008-9107-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9300-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2013.839731"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000792"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024931316358"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645570701211209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-016-9648-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"ForrestD McHaleI.Exploring online patterns of play. Interim report [internet].2021. Available from:https:\/\/www.begambleaware.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-03\/PoP_Interim%20Report_Short_Final.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Behavioural Insights Team.Gambling behaviour: what can bank transaction data tell us? A feasibility study. Part 1: Analysis of Monzo customer data [internet].2021. Available from:https:\/\/www.bi.team\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Patterns-of-Play-BIT-Monzo-report-final-version-June-4th-2021-1.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01045-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"WaughD.Academia in a Spin [internet].2022[cited 2022 Aug 15]. Available from:https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220315163705\/https:\/\/www.cieo.org.uk\/research\/academia-in-a-spin\/. Accessed 31 Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-011-9260-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","volume-title":"Gambling\u2010related harms evidence review: summary","author":"Office for Health Improvement and Disparities","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16179"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJBM-08-2021-0397"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.53275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.R: A language and environment for statistical computing [internet].2023. Available from:https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/. Accessed 31 Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"ZeileisA KleiberC SimonT.countreg: Count data regression version 0.2\u20101 from R\u2010Forge [internet].2019[cited 2023 Nov 20]. Available from:https:\/\/rdrr.io\/rforge\/countreg\/. Accessed 31 Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03009734.2017.1294636"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","unstructured":"Culture Media and Sport Committee.Gambling regulation: Second report of session 2023\u201324 [Internet].2023. Available from:https:\/\/committees.parliament.uk\/publications\/42630\/documents\/211944\/default\/. Accessed 31 Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","volume-title":"Gambling commission to trial single customer view in \u2018coming months\u2019 [internet]","author":"O'Hagan M","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","volume-title":"Social market foundation submission to the gambling commission consultation on customer interaction [internet]","author":"Noyes J","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16438"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","unstructured":"ThornhillJ.Forbes Advisor UK.2024. Average UK Salary By Age In 2021 [cited 2024 Mar 21]. Available from:https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/uk\/advisor\/business\/average-uk-salary-by-age\/"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.16571","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T04:56:38Z","timestamp":1727412998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.16571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.16571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16571","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}