{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:30:12Z","timestamp":1791563412528,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To summarise systematic reviews on tobacco addiction published by the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group (CTAG) from 2021 to 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified all new and updated Cochrane Reviews published by CTAG between 2021 and 2023. We present key results from these reviews and discuss promising avenues for future research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>CTAG published five new reviews and one overview of reviews, and updated eight reviews. Review evidence showed that all main pharmacotherapies (varenicline, cytisine, bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy [NRT], especially when patches are combined with fast acting forms like gum) are effective for smoking cessation, as are nicotine e\u2010cigarettes. Evidence suggested similar magnitude of effects of varenicline, cytisine, and nicotine e\u2010cigarettes; these emerged as the most effective treatments. Evidence also supported behavioural counselling and financial incentives for smoking cessation. Secondary analyses of the Cochrane review of e\u2010cigarettes for smoking cessation showed over half of participants assigned to e\u2010cigarette conditions were still using them at six months or longer, that biomarkers of potential harm significantly reduced in people switching from smoking to vaping or to dual use, and that there was insufficient evidence to draw associations between e\u2010liquid flavours and smoking cessation. Findings on mindfulness\u2010based interventions, interventions delivered by dental and primary care professionals, interventions to prevent weight gain after smoking cessation, and interventions for waterpipe cessation were less certain. Reviews of observational evidence showed that smoking cessation reduced cardiovascular events and mortality in people living with cardiovascular disease, and improved mental health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nicotine replacement therapy (especially patches combined with fast acting forms), varenicline, cytisine, bupropion, nicotine e\u2010cigarettes, behavioural counselling, and financial incentives are all effective ways to help people quit smoking. Quitting smoking improves mental health and reduces cardiovascular events and mortality in people living with cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T23:01:16Z","timestamp":1725490876000},"page":"2101-2115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effects of interventions to combat tobacco addiction: Cochrane update of 2021 to 2023 reviews"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3757-5591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Livingstone\u2010Banks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2539-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Lindson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9898-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Hartmann\u2010Boyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Policy University of Massachusetts Amherst  Amherst MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"World Health Organization fact sheets: Tobacco","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Actions on Smoking and Health (ASH) Briefing: Health Inequalities and Smoking","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General\u2014 Executive Summary","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"2020","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.1 (updated September 2020):","author":"Higgins JPT TJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13940"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12633"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15769"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann H BJ","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00995.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013229.pub2"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"CD015226","article-title":"Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta\u2010analyses","volume":"9","author":"Lindson N","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015511.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006103.pub8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000031.pub6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013308.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FreemanS ScottN PowellR JohnstonM SuttonA CooperN et al.Component network meta\u2010analysis identifies the most effective components of psychological preparation for adults undergoing surgery under general anesthesia.2018;98:105\u2013116.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.02.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013696.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Addiction Ontology: E\u2010cigarette v1","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation: Cochrane Living Systematic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","volume-title":"N. 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