{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:12:03Z","timestamp":1783127523698,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stimulant\u2010related disorders (SRD), or the continued misuse of illicit or prescribed stimulants, during pregnancy can have adverse health effects for mothers and infants. This study aimed to measure prevalence and trends of SRD diagnosis in pregnancy, and associations between SRD diagnosis and adverse maternal and infant health outcomes, among pregnant individuals in California.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>California, USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant individuals from the Study of Outcomes in Mothers and Infants (SOMI) with singleton live births between 2012 and 2020 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093\u2009740\u2009079).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>SRD diagnosis (excluding cocaine) and maternal (gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension [gHTN], severe maternal morbidity [SMM]) and infant (very preterm birth [gestational age &lt;32\u2009weeks], preterm birth [gestational age 32\u201337\u2009weeks], neonatal intensive care unit [NICU] admission, small for gestational age [SGA]) outcomes were classified using International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes and vital statistics. Risk ratios were estimated with modified Poisson log linear regression that accounted for sibling pregnancies. Covariates included maternal sociodemographic characteristics, mental and physical health problems, nicotine use and co\u2010occurrence of other diagnosed substance use disorders. Bias analyses were conducted to address unmeasured confounding and exposure misclassification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>SRD diagnosis among pregnant individuals increased from 2012 to 2020 (554 to 748 per 100\u2009000 births). SRD diagnosis was associated with an increased risk of SMM (adjusted risk ratio [aRR]\u2009=\u20092.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2\u20132.5), gHTN (aRR\u2009=\u20091.8; 95% CI = 1.7\u20131.9), very preterm birth (aRR\u2009=\u20092.2, 95% CI = 2.0\u20132.5), preterm birth (aRR\u2009=\u20092.1, 95% CI = 2.1\u20132.2) and NICU admission (aRR\u2009=\u20092.0, 95%CI = 1.9\u20132.0), and a decreased risk of gestational diabetes (aRR\u2009=\u20090.8; 95% CI = 0.8\u20130.9). SRD diagnosis was not associated with infants born SGA. Findings were generally robust to unmeasured confounding and misclassification of diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stimulant\u2010related disorder diagnosis during pregnancy appears to be associated with an increased risk for select adverse maternal and infant health outcomes including severe maternal morbidity, gestational hypertension, very preterm birth, preterm birth and neonatal intensive care unit admission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T03:18:22Z","timestamp":1723173502000},"page":"2006-2014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Trends and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes associated with stimulant\u2010related disorder diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5569-351X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole S.","family":"Pippard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science University of California, San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretchen","family":"Bandoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science University of California, San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California, San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Baer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California, San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Stimulant Use Disorder [Internet]","author":"Veterans Health Administration","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Presented at: Public Meeting on Patient\u2010Focused Drug Development for Stimulant Use Disorder","author":"Afshar M","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health [Internet]","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Stimulant Deaths on the Rise, Compounded by Rise in Synthetic Opioids [Internet]","author":"National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2020.1486"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Rising Stimulant Deaths Show that We Face More than Just an Opioid Crisis [Internet]","author":"Volkow N","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000418"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718759753"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Women [Internet]","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00728-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3644"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"How is methamphetamine different from other stimulants, such as cocaine? 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