{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:43:13Z","timestamp":1787013793458,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drugs sold on cryptomarkets are thought to have lower levels of adulteration and higher strength compared with those sourced off\u2010line. The present study aimed to determine whether cryptomarket and off\u2010line\u2010sourced 3,4\u2010methylenedioxy\u2010N\u2010methamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) differed in adulteration and strength.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A between\u2010groups design was used to compare cryptomarket versus off\u2010line\u2010sourced drugs. Regression analyses controlling for year and service were conducted. Drug\u2010checking services were conducted in Spain (Energy Control) and the Netherlands (Drugs Information and Monitoring System).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Cases<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The cases comprised drug samples that underwent drug checking between 2016 and 2021 and were expected to contain MDMA (tablets;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200936\u2009065; powder:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096179), cocaine (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200911\u2009419), amphetamine (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096823), methamphetamine (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009293) and LSD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091817).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drugs were measured for (1) matching the advertised substance (i.e. containing any amount of the expected substance); (2) strength; (3) presence of adulteration; and (4) number of adulterants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The expected drug was more likely to be identified when sourced from cryptomarkets versus off\u2010line for MDMA tablets [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u2009=\u20092.10, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20091.28\u20133.43], MDMA powder (AOR\u2009=\u20092.64, CI\u2009=\u20091.55\u20134.51), cocaine (AOR\u2009=\u20093.65, CI\u2009=\u20091.98\u20136.71) and LSD (AOR\u2009=\u20091.75, CI\u2009=\u20091.13\u20132.72). Cryptomarket\u2010sourced MDMA powder (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.03,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012), cocaine (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.08,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and methamphetamine (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.15,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028) were statistically significantly higher in strength than substances from off\u2010line sources. Conversely, MDMA tablets (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.01,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.043) and amphetamine (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.07,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) from cryptomarkets were statistically significantly lower in strength than from off\u2010line sources. MDMA powder (AOR\u2009=\u20090.53, CI\u2009=\u20090.33\u20130.86) and cocaine (AOR\u2009=\u20090.66, CI\u2009=\u20090.55\u20130.79) were statistically significantly less likely to be adulterated if sourced from cryptomarkets. However, amphetamine (AOR\u2009=\u20091.54, CI\u2009=\u20091.25\u20131.90) and LSD (AOR\u2009=\u20091.31, CI\u2009=\u20091.00\u20131.71) were found to be more likely to be adulterated when purchased from cryptomarkets. Cocaine from cryptomarkets exhibited fewer adulterants (incidence rate ratio\u2009=\u20090.71, CI\u2009=\u20090.60\u20130.85).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between on\u2010line drug market\u2010places and substance quality varies depending on both the specific substance and the dynamics of the cryptomarket.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T08:48:53Z","timestamp":1726130933000},"page":"128-137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparison of strength and adulteration between illicit drugs obtained from cryptomarkets versus off\u2010line"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9306-9485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh","family":"Coney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5705-2026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5768-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daan","family":"van der Gouwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS), Trimbos Institute Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Smit\u2010Rigter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS), Trimbos Institute Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Hutten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS), Trimbos Institute Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireia","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Control (ABD)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-9402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e0","family":"Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Control (ABD)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica J.","family":"Barratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW  Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Social Equity Research Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre RMIT University  Melbourne VIC 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