{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:43:13Z","timestamp":1787013793804,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opioid dependence is associated with an increased risk of suicide. Drug\u2010related mortality among people with opioid dependence in Scotland has more than tripled since 2010; less is known about changes in suicide risk. We aimed to determine if opioid agonist therapy (OAT) in Scotland is protective against suicide and to measure trends in suicide rates in those with opioid dependence over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scotland, UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>46\u2009453 individuals in Scotland who received at least one prescription for OAT between 2011 and 2020 with over 304\u2009000 person\u2010years (pys) of follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using the age\u2010 and sex\u2010specific suicide rates in Scotland for years 2011\u20132020. We fitted multivariable competing\u2010risk regression models to estimate suicide rates by OAT exposure and to estimate trends over time, adjusting for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 575 deaths classed as suicide among the cohort and the overall suicide rate was 1.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.74\u20132.05) per 1000 pys. Age and sex SMR for suicide was 7.05 times (95% CI = 6.50\u20137.65) higher than in the general population. After adjustment, OAT was shown to be highly protective against suicide, with rates more than three times greater (adjusted hazard ratio: 3.07; 95% CI = 2.60\u20133.62) off OAT compared with on OAT. Suicide rates decreased over time, falling from 2.57 (95% CI = 2.19\u20133.02) per 1000 pys in 2011\u201312 to 1.48 (95% CI = 1.21\u20131.82) in 2019\u201320.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with opioid dependence in Scotland appear to have a greater risk of suicide than the general population. Treatment is protective, with rates of suicide lower among those on opioid agonist therapy. Suicide rates have decreased over time, during a period in which drug\u2010related death rates in Scotland have risen to globally high levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T20:01:32Z","timestamp":1729627292000},"page":"276-284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Suicide in people prescribed opioid\u2010agonist therapy in Scotland, United Kingdom, 2011\u20132020: A national retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7979-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalyn","family":"Fraser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Research Centre for Health (ReacH) Glasgow Caledonian University  Cowcaddens Road Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Public Health Scotland  Gyle Square, South Gyle Crescent Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5226-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Research Centre for Health (ReacH) Glasgow Caledonian University  Cowcaddens Road Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Public Health Scotland  Gyle Square, South Gyle Crescent Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Glancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Research Centre for Health (ReacH) Glasgow Caledonian University  Cowcaddens Road Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Public Health Scotland  Gyle Square, South Gyle Crescent Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9864-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Tyndall Avenue Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4265-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayley E.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Tyndall Avenue Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saket","family":"Priyadarshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Research Centre for Health (ReacH) Glasgow Caledonian University  Cowcaddens Road Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Glasgow Alcohol and Drug Recovery Services  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Horsburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Drugs Forum  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Research Centre for Health (ReacH) Glasgow Caledonian University  Cowcaddens Road Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Public Health Scotland  Gyle Square, South Gyle Crescent Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6047-2400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"McAuley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Research Centre for Health (ReacH) Glasgow Caledonian University  Cowcaddens Road Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Public Health Scotland  Gyle Square, South Gyle Crescent Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Suicide worldwide in 2019: Global health estimates","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00173-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Probable Suicides 2022. September 5, 2023. Probable suicides 2022, Report (nrscotland.gov.uk)","author":"National Records of Scotland (NRS)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091936"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0976"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c5475"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13193"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1550"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00082-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Drug\u2010related deaths in Scotland in 2022. August 22, 2023. 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