{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:37:17Z","timestamp":1784230637202,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With an epidemic of drug overdoses, contemporary research is needed to examine drug overdose deaths among homeless populations. This study measured rates, types and correlates of drug overdose deaths occurring over a 5\u2010year study period among veterans experiencing homelessness (VEH) and non\u2010homeless veterans (NHV) in the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 6\u2009128\u2009921 veterans. We followed 399\u2009125 VEH and 5\u2009729\u2009796 NHV between 2017 and 2021 using linked administrative VA and National Death Index data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multivariable Cox regression models were constructed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for homelessness as a predictor of time\u2010to\u2010occurrence of overdose deaths with 95% confidence interval (CIs), sequentially controlling for demographic, medical, substance use and mental health characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among overdose deaths, 8653 [93.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u200993.2\u201394.2%] were unintentional and 5378 (57.8%, 95% CI\u2009=\u200956.8\u201358.8%) involved opioids. The overdose\u2010specific mortality rate (per 100\u2009000 person\u2010years) was 227.3 among VEH and 23.2 among NHV (HR\u2009=\u20099.76, 95% CI = 9.36, 10.16), with rates 7\u201314 times higher among VEH than NHV, depending on the drug involved. In fully adjusted models, homelessness was associated with greater risk of drug overdose death (HR\u2009=\u20093.33, 95% CI = 3.18, 3.49), with the greatest risk involving psychostimulants (HR\u2009=\u20094.19), followed by antiepileptic\/sedative\/hypnotic drugs (HR\u2009=\u20093.69), synthetic opioids (HR\u2009=\u20093.50) and natural and semi\u2010synthetic opioids (HR\u2009=\u20092.79).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>US veterans experiencing homelessness appear to have three times the risk for drug overdose deaths than non\u2010homeless veterans. There may be specific risks associated with psychostimulant, antiepileptic, sedative and hypnotic drugs in this population that deserve greater attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T03:05:09Z","timestamp":1729134309000},"page":"306-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Drug overdose deaths among homeless veterans in the United States Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0329-648X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans US Department of Veterans Affairs  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, School of Public Health University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston TX USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Szymkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans US Department of Veterans Affairs  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hind A.","family":"Beydoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans US Department of Veterans Affairs  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, School of Public Health University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston TX 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