{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:08:12Z","timestamp":1791425292603,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DA037202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DA037202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA050032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA050032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DA037202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DA037202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amid escalating cannabis legalization and daily consumption in the United States (US), determining the risk of cannabis use disorder (CUD) and relevant consequences among daily consumers has become a public health priority. Understanding these risks requires valid assessment of the daily quantity of delta\u20109\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) consumed and its relation to consequences. This study characterized daily cannabis consumption using a new method for estimating milligrams of THC (mgTHC), and examined the relationship between daily mgTHC and CUD severity in a large national sample of daily consumers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, setting and participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>US adult (aged 18+\u2009years) daily cannabis consumers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094134) completed a comprehensive online survey of cannabis consumption patterns (e.g. frequency, quantity, product types, potencies, administration methods) and <jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/jats:italic>, 5th edition (DSM\u20105) CUD criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary exposure was past\u2010week daily mgTHC consumption, calculated from survey responses to queries about product type, amount and potency consumed and including adjustments for puff size and loss of THC from specific methods of administration. The primary outcomes were (1) number of CUD criteria (range\u2009=\u20090\u201311) and (2) CUD severity categories: none, mild, moderate, severe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Median daily consumption was ~130 mgTHC, with substantial variability (25%\u2009\u2264\u200950\u2009mg and 25%\u2009\u2265\u2009290\u2009mg). On average, participants endorsed 2.5 CUD criteria, and 65% met criteria for CUD (39% mild, 18% moderate, 8% severe). Greater daily mgTHC predicted higher CUD criteria count [beta<jats:sub>log(mgTHC)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.50, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20090.267\u20130.734] and higher odds of mild [log odds ratio (logOR)\u2009=\u20090.238, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.184\u20130.292], moderate (logOR\u2009=\u20090.303, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.232\u20130.374) or severe (logOR\u2009=\u20090.335, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.236\u20130.435) CUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among daily consumers of cannabis, there appears to be a positive relationship between the daily quantity of cannabis consumed (measured in milligrams of delta\u20109\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol) and both the risk and severity of cannabis use disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T08:24:15Z","timestamp":1730881455000},"page":"676-685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Quantity of delta\u20109\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol consumption and cannabis use disorder among daily cannabis consumers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7112-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob T.","family":"Borodovsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Behavioral Health Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine  Lebanon NH USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine  Lebanon NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6533-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah S.","family":"Hasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara A.","family":"Struble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Behavioral Health Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine  Lebanon NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad I.","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Behavioral Health Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine  Lebanon NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6673-0231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ofir","family":"Livne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Psychiatric Institute  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Psychiatric Institute  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efrat","family":"Aharonovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York NY USA"},{"name":"New York State Psychiatric Institute  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan J.","family":"Budney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Behavioral Health Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine  Lebanon NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16519"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00161-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13812"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2000.61.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"NIDA sets 5 mg of THC as standard cannabis unit for research","volume":"33","author":"Knopf A","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Drug Abuse Wkly"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14842"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2023.2246635"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0238"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732318820523"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2023.100161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.9408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12060782"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"2020 National Survey on drug use and health public use file codebook","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2480-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.734793"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Marijuana smoking: factors that influence the bioavailability of tetrahydrocannabinol","volume":"99","author":"Perez\u2010Reyes M","year":"1990","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.58.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958370902748559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147286"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20574"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2023.2232525"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0426-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(99)00006-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2011.569101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2012.73.820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-06007-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2022.100413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.367"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107587"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20136213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107374"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000817"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000760"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1454406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000362"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.16700","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T08:48:34Z","timestamp":1741942114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.16700"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.16700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16700","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}