{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T14:25:43Z","timestamp":1785507943740,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM141821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM141821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP2DA051864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DA051864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1DA049412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1DA049412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1DA049417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1DA049417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stimulant\u2010involved overdose deaths are increasing throughout the United States. Because stimulant misuse (i.e. taking a prescribed medicine not as directed) and stimulant use disorder contribute to the surging number of stimulant\u2010related deaths, knowing the prevalence of stimulant misuse and use disorder is important. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of stimulant misuse and\/or use disorder in Massachusetts from 2014 to 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, setting and participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cohort study using a multiple systems estimation approach (previously known as \u2018capture\u2013recapture\u2019), using multiple individually linked epidemiological data sources, located in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2014\u20132021. People aged 18\u201364\u2009years from administrative databases were linked at the individual level and included in the analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measurements included known and estimated counts of people with stimulant misuse and\/or use disorder (as defined in each individual database) as well as total count and prevalence in Massachusetts. We performed both a stratified analysis using log\u2010linear models to estimate the unknown population with stimulant misuse\/use disorder and a single model analysis in which demographics were used as covariates. Uncertainty is characterized using 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) on the total counts and prevalence estimates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The number of known individuals increased during the study period from 31\u2009037 in 2014 to 42\u2009612 in 2021. Using the multiple systems estimation approach, the estimated prevalence of underlying stimulant misuse and\/or use disorder population ranged from 4.1 to 7.1% during the study period in the stratified analysis and 4.2 to 6.8% in the single model. By race, the highest prevalence estimates were among the Black non\u2010Hispanic population, which showed a prevalence of up to 14.5% (95% CI\u2009=\u200914.32%, 14.57%) in 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The estimated prevalence of stimulant misuse and\/or use disorder in Massachusetts from 2014 to 2021 ranged from 4% to nearly 7% of the population. People from racial minorities appear to be disproportionately affected compared with the white non\u2010Hispanic population. The unknown population accounted for large proportions of the total estimated population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T10:50:33Z","timestamp":1734346233000},"page":"711-720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of adults with stimulant misuse and\/or stimulant use disorder in Massachusetts, USA, 2014\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4155-4697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Barocas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora CO USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Erdman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Office of Population Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew Y.","family":"Westfall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1707-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Christine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora CO USA"},{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine Denver Health and Hospital Authority  Denver CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Bernson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Office of Population Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2337-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse  Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Doogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Y.","family":"Walley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8216-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Bettano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Office of Population Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Co\u2010involvement of opioids in drug overdose deaths involving cocaine and psychostimulants, 2011\u20132021","volume":"474","author":"Spencer MR","year":"2023","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000717"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102227"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106680"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00816-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103791"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103463"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2021.1949612"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110985"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549211015662"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110819"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.41921"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07692-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000550"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14122"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","unstructured":"Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).2021\u20132022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Model\u2010Based Estimated Totals (in Thousands) (50 States and the District of Columbia).2021\u20132022. Accessed October 15 2024. Available at:https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/2021-2022-nsduh-estimated-totals-state"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","volume-title":"Data Brief: Opioid\u2010Related Overdose Deaths among Massachusetts Residents","author":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15458"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128720974319"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","unstructured":"Public Health Data Warehouse (PHD) Technical Documentation.2022. Accessed October 15 2024. Available at:https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/info-details\/public-health-data-warehouse-phd-technical-documentation"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01356-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009825"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531485"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-75460-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3758(94)00008-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100709"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001653"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304673"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109710"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac154"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","unstructured":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health.Opioid\u2010Related Overdose Deaths All Intents MA Residents\u2014Demographic Data Highlights. December2023. Accessed October 15 2024. Available at:https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/doc\/opioid-related-overdose-deaths-demographics-december-2023\/download"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108148"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","unstructured":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health.Data Brief: Stimulant\u2010Related Data among Massachusetts Residents. July2023. Accessed October 15 2024. Available at:https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/doc\/stimulant-report\/download"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","unstructured":"SylviaDH AnneM.Demographic differences in Massachusetts all payer claims data (ma APCD) before and after GOBEILLE. August2020. Accessed October 15 2024. Available at:https:\/\/www.chiamass.gov\/assets\/Uploads\/DEMOGRAPHIC-IMPACT-OF-GOBEILLE.pdf"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.16726","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T08:49:00Z","timestamp":1741942140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.16726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.16726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16726","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}