{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:02:50Z","timestamp":1792512170704,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA050769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA050769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use disorders (SHA\u2010UD) are defined by significant impairment or distress caused by recurrent sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use. This study aimed to measure trends in the prevalence of SHA\u2010UD diagnoses in adolescent and young adult US Medicaid enrollees from 2001 to 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Annual, cross\u2010sectional study, 2001\u20132019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medicaid Analytic eXtracts (MAX) and Transformed Medicaid Analytic Files (TAF) from 42 US states with complete data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants\/Cases<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescents (13\u201317\u2009years) and young adults (18\u201329\u2009years) with \u226510\u00a0months Medicaid enrollment in the calendar year; analytic sample contained 5.7 (2001) to 13.2 (2019) million persons per year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Annual prevalence of SHA\u2010UD in adolescent and young adult Medicaid enrollees [defined as an inpatient or outpatient ICD code (304.1x, 305.4x, F13.1x, F13.2x) in the calendar year] was stratified by sex, race\/ethnicity, receipt of a benzodiazepine, z\u2010hypnotic or barbiturate prescription, and selected mental health diagnoses. Absolute and relative percent\u2010changes from 2001 vs. 2019 were summarized. Secondary analyses were restricted to states with more consistent data capture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of SHA\u2010UD diagnoses statistically significantly increased for adolescents (0.01% to 0.04%) and young adults (0.05% to 0.24%) from 2001 to 2019. Increasing trends were observed in sex and race\/ethnicity subgroups, with greatest relative increases among Non\u2010Hispanic Black (624%) and Hispanic (529%) young adults. The trend increased among those with and without a benzodiazepine, z\u2010hypnotic or barbiturate prescription; i.e. young adults with (2001\u2009=\u20090.39% to 2019\u2009=\u20091.77%) and without (2001\u2009=\u20090.03% to 2019\u2009=\u20090.18%) a prescription. Most adolescents (76%) and young adults (91%) with a SHA\u2010UD diagnosis in 2019 had a comorbid substance use disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use disorders (SHA\u2010UD) diagnoses increased 3\u2010 to 5\u2010fold between 2001 and 2019 for adolescent and young adult US Medicaid enrollees, with prevalence remaining low in adolescents. The increase over two decades may be attributed to changes in the availability, use and misuse of sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytic medications and to increased detection, awareness and diagnosing of SHA\u2010UD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:01:19Z","timestamp":1737590479000},"page":"951-961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Nationwide trends in diagnosed sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic use disorders in adolescents and young adults enrolled in Medicaid: 2001\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4056-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Bushnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy 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Care Policy and Aging Research  New Brunswick NJ USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy Rutgers University  New Brunswick NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Keyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-7046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Cerd\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Department of Population Health New York University School of Medicine  New York NY 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