{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:17:56Z","timestamp":1791404276778,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010658","name":"St. Paul's Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We measured the association between prescribed stimulant medications and overdose among individuals receiving opioid agonist therapy (OAT) for opioid use disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study using the British Columbia Provincial Overdose Cohort, a linked administrative database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from British Columbia, Canada, from January 2015 through February 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 9395 individuals contributed 18\u2009273 person\u2010years of follow\u2010up while dispensed OAT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the association between stimulant prescription (primary exposure) and fatal or non\u2010fatal overdose (primary outcome, allowing for recurrent events) after adjusting for potential confounders including sociodemographic characteristics and substance use patterns. As a secondary analysis, we evaluated type of OAT (full agonists involving methadone or slow\u2010release oral morphine versus partial agonist involving buprenorphine\/naloxone alone) as a potential effect modifier.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 1746 overdose events; 37 (2.1%) were fatal. Overall, there was no increased risk of overdose among individuals dispensed a stimulant medication while on OAT [adjusted Cox regression hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) =\u00a00.86\u20131.49,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.39]. When analyzed by type of OAT medication, for individuals on buprenorphine, dispensation of a stimulant medication was associated with a reduced risk of overdose (AHR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.23\u20130.96,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.037) while, for individuals on full agonist OAT, dispensation of a stimulant medication was associated with an increased risk of overdose (AHR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.09\u20132.07,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There does not appear to be an overall increased risk of overdose for individuals co\u2010prescribed a stimulant medication with opioid agonist therapy (OAT). There appears to be a reduced risk of overdose for individuals dispensed buprenorphine with a stimulant medication compared with those dispensed buprenorphine alone, and an increased risk of overdose for individuals dispensed full agonist OAT (methadone or slow\u2010release oral morphine) with a stimulant medication compared with those dispensed full agonist OAT alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T04:50:02Z","timestamp":1738039802000},"page":"1184-1194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association between prescribed stimulant medications and overdose among individuals receiving opioid agonist therapy: A retrospective cohort study from British Columbia, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4064-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Division of Addiction Medicine St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Fairbairn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zishan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver 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