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The primary research question compared response inhibition between a large, age\u2010diverse smoking sample and non\u2010smoking controls, and examined whether deficits were exacerbated toward smoking\u2010related stimuli. By accounting for key covariates and moderators, this study aimed to extend understanding of individual differences in response inhibition deficits in smoking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study conducted at a university laboratory in Munich, Germany.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>The large (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009122, 57% female), age\u2010diverse (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u200941.4, range: 21\u201370\u2009years) smoking group comprised individuals with moderate to severe tobacco dependence participating in a smoking reduction intervention study. Controls comprised <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200969 healthy individuals with no smoking history.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary outcomes were commission error (CE) rates and mean reaction times in Go trials (Go\u2010RT) in general and smoking\u2010specific Go\/No\u2010Go tasks (GNGTs). Covariates included age, sex and IQ. Smoking\u2010related variables were cigarettes per day (CPD), tobacco dependence severity and craving.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>General GNGT: The smoking group exhibited significantly higher CE rates (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value &lt; 0.001, medium effect, BF<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20099.06) than the control group. Higher craving was associated with faster Go\u2010RTs (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009\u22121.487, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u2009=\u20090.041). Smoking\u2010specific GNGT: CE rates were significantly higher in the smoking group only when controlling for covariates (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20091.272, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u2009=\u20090.040). Higher craving was associated with higher CE rates during smoking\u2010related trials (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.108, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u2009=\u20090.010). The smoking group showed significantly faster Go\u2010RTs in response to smoking\u2010related compared with neutral stimuli, relative to the control group (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009\u22123.326, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u2009=\u20090.027). Preliminary evidence indicated that greater deficits were associated with higher scores in smoking\u2010related variables, but only in older individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals who smoke appear to exhibit response inhibition deficits, although these are not uniform and seem to be exacerbated during higher reported craving or in response to smoking\u2010related stimuli. Age may moderate the relationship between deficits and smoking\u2010related variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T09:14:17Z","timestamp":1739956457000},"page":"1402-1412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Deficits in general and smoking\u2010specific response inhibition in the Go\/No\u2010Go task in individuals who smoke: A cross\u2010sectional analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2712-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Motka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology LMU Munich  Munich 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