{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T04:03:28Z","timestamp":1748923408630,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008069","name":"University of California, San Francisco","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cigarette industry in the United States (US) laid the foundation for sponsoring research to improve public relations and defend against product liability cases. Fewer threats of litigation facing the US smokeless tobacco (SLT) industry may have contributed to the sponsorship of independent research on SLT use and health outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether the SLT industry used cigarette industry strategies to manipulate research on health risks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Internal industry documents (e.g. letters, memos) from the 1970s through 1990s were accessed through the online Truth Tobacco Industry Documents Library at the University of California, San Francisco. A framework of tobacco industry strategies and criteria for evaluating sponsored research formed the basis for categorizing and synthesizing documents identified via snowball sampling (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009177). Summaries of awarded projects in annual reports of the Smokeless Tobacco Research Council (STRC) were coded for content (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009189, 1982\u20131997).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Guided by legal counsel, the SLT industry sponsored research to support its interest group position; advocated against research on tobacco\u2010specific carcinogens such as N\u2010nitrosonornicotine (NNN); heavily criticized a case\u2013control study on oropharyngeal cancer; and relied on a cadre of grantees and STRC leadership to testify against SLT restrictions. The STRC awarded a high proportion of projects on nicotine (78\/189), including use for therapy (e.g. Tourette's syndrome), but underfunded epidemiologic research (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093). However, the STRC awarded projects on extracts or constituents (e.g. NNN, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930) that may have implicated SLT's role in carcinogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the Smokeless Tobacco Research Council awarded some research that may have weakened the industry, the Council's imbalanced portfolio of projects and inextricable link to industry likely favored the interest group position. Thus, we cannot conclude that the smokeless tobacco industry sponsored research solely for scientific discovery. Greater independence of industry\u2010sponsored research could be achieved by delegating scientific decision\u2010making to scientists (not legal counsel), limiting governance to those unaffiliated with the industry sponsor and not relying on grantees to defend the interest group position.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T09:30:11Z","timestamp":1742031011000},"page":"1475-1483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Did the United States smokeless tobacco industry use cigarette industry strategies to sponsor and manipulate research?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4450-0862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Timberlake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joe C. Wen School of Population and Public Health University of California  Irvine CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan D.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joe C. Wen School of Population and Public Health University of California  Irvine CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joe C. Wen School of Population and Public Health University of California  Irvine CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300292"},{"volume-title":"The cigarette century: the rise, fall and deadly persistence of the product that defined america","year":"2007","author":"Brandt A","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1"},{"volume-title":"Response of United States tobacco company to letter dated may 19, 1994 from henry a. Waxman, chairman, house subcommittee on health and the environment, to joseph r. Taddeo, president, United States tobacco company","year":"1994","author":"United State Tobacco Company","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1"},{"volume-title":"Medical research","year":"1983","author":"Smokeless tobacco council INC","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1"},{"volume-title":"Smokeless tobacco","year":"1984","author":"Hacking IG","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1"},{"volume-title":"Annual report of the smokeless tobacco research council","year":"1997","author":"Smokeless Tobacco Research Council I","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1"},{"volume-title":"\u201clearning is part of the fun\u201d: key events in u.S. smokeless tobacco history","year":"2020","author":"Proctor RN","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530030061035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490512000215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530030054034"},{"volume-title":"1982 report of the smokeless tobacco research council","year":"1982","author":"The smokeless tobacco research council","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2008.026583"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Tobacco litigation without the smoke? Cigarette companies in the smokeless tobacco industry","volume":"11","author":"Berman ML","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Health Care Law Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.041921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2008.027623"},{"volume-title":"The role of purchasers and payers in the clinical research enterprise: workshop summary","year":"2002","author":"Tunis S","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1"},{"volume-title":"Annual report of the smokeless tobacco research council","year":"1982","author":"Smokeless tobacco research council I","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1"},{"volume-title":"Status of research proposals and research","year":"1978","author":"Bloch SF","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1"},{"volume-title":"Confidential communication from b&w in\u2010house counsel to b&w in\u2010house counsel reflecting legal advice and attorney opinion work product regarding information obtained at seminar concerning smokeless tobacco","year":"1979","author":"Wells JK","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1975.00780340008002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1970.04310050032005"},{"volume-title":"Smokeless tobacco and health","author":"Smokeless Tobacco Council","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1"},{"volume-title":"Smokeless tobacco and health","year":"1970","author":"Smokeless tobacco council incorporated","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1"},{"volume-title":"Letter from erle e peacock to wb Bennett regarding research proposal on long term carcinogenicity of saccharin in the rat","year":"1978","author":"Peacock EE","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1"},{"volume-title":"Interest in project #5","year":"1979","author":"Pittman RA","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1"},{"volume-title":"Dr. William ganong","year":"1982","author":"Finnegan T","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1"},{"volume-title":"Drs. Weathers and la via","year":"1983","author":"JS MC","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1"},{"volume-title":"Dr. Theodor D. Sterling","year":"1992","author":"Finnegan T","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1"},{"volume-title":"Recommendation for research on personality traits & smokeless tobacco use","year":"1990","author":"Ladd AT","key":"e_1_2_10_30_1"},{"volume-title":"Research information","year":"1983","author":"Finnegan T","key":"e_1_2_10_31_1"},{"volume-title":"International symposium on nicotine","year":"1990","author":"Finnegan T","key":"e_1_2_10_32_1"},{"volume-title":"Cardiovascular disease","year":"1982","author":"Medinger J","key":"e_1_2_10_33_1"},{"volume-title":"US tobacco records on smokeless tobacco","year":"1983","author":"Task force meeting (1\/18\/83)","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1"},{"volume-title":"Regulatory\/political environment meeting","year":"1983","author":"SMOKELESS TOBACCO COUNCIL","key":"e_1_2_10_35_1"},{"volume-title":"Task force meeting","year":"1983","key":"e_1_2_10_36_1"},{"volume-title":"Statement of dr erle e peacock","author":"Peacock EE","key":"e_1_2_10_37_1"},{"volume-title":"Smokeless tobacco council (stc) scientific research committee","year":"1981","author":"Stevens AJ","key":"e_1_2_10_38_1"},{"volume-title":"Eleventh annual meeting of members and meeting of board of directors","year":"1991","author":"Smokeless Tobacco Research Council Inc","key":"e_1_2_10_39_1"},{"volume-title":"Minutes of the meeting of the board of directors smokeless tobacco research council incorporated","year":"1995","author":"Smokeless Tobacco Research Council Inc","key":"e_1_2_10_40_1"},{"volume-title":"Minutes of the meeting of the board of directors smokeless tobacco research council inc","year":"1989","author":"Vorderer C","key":"e_1_2_10_41_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198103263041301"},{"volume-title":"Winn study: New England j med, \u2010 3\/26\/81","year":"1984","author":"Manning RA","key":"e_1_2_10_43_1"},{"volume-title":"Written submissions of the smokeless tobacco council to the scientific advisory panel, California safe drinking water and toxic enforcement act of 1986","year":"1988","author":"Smokeless Tobacco Research Council Inc","key":"e_1_2_10_44_1"},{"volume-title":"Comments submitted to the federal trade commission in connection with ftc docket no 209\u201347","year":"1984","author":"Smokeless Tobacco Research Council Inc","key":"e_1_2_10_45_1"},{"volume-title":"Fact of the matter is legislative manual","author":"SMOKELESS TOBACCO COUNCIL INC","key":"e_1_2_10_46_1"},{"volume-title":"Materials transmitted to 60 minutes January 4","year":"1985","key":"e_1_2_10_47_1"},{"volume-title":"Oral cancer and smokeless tobacco note","key":"e_1_2_10_48_1"},{"volume-title":"Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States: a review of a study by winn et al. august 19","year":"1986","author":"Sterling TD","key":"e_1_2_10_49_1"},{"volume-title":"Wall street journal inquiry","year":"1992","author":"Plesec WT","key":"e_1_2_10_50_1"},{"journal-title":"Memo from E Jurczenia to R Rossi enclosing letter on Winn study","year":"1984","author":"Jurczenia E.","key":"e_1_2_10_51_1"},{"volume-title":"Memo from richard a manning to timothy Cornell regarding meeting with julia morton at the university of Miami","year":"1984","author":"Manning RA","key":"e_1_2_10_52_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0228-8"},{"volume-title":"Fatal fad","year":"1983","author":"ABC World News Tonight","key":"e_1_2_10_54_1"},{"volume-title":"2327 \u2010 proposed New York legislation concerning the labeling, advertising and distribution of smokeless tobacco products","year":"1985","author":"Kerrigan MS","key":"e_1_2_10_55_1"},{"volume-title":"Dr. Lawrence kupper testimonial","author":"Kupper L","key":"e_1_2_10_56_1"},{"volume-title":"Public comments on our smokeless products","year":"1985","author":"Bantle L","key":"e_1_2_10_57_1"},{"volume-title":"COMM ON ENERGY + COMMERCE; HOUSE; SUBCOMM ON HEALTH + THE ENVIRONMENT. H.R. \u2010 760, h.R. 2950 and related bills concerning THE health effects of smokeless tobacco products witness list","year":"1985","key":"e_1_2_10_58_1"},{"volume-title":"United States tobacco submissions to department of health and social security","year":"1984","key":"e_1_2_10_59_1"},{"volume-title":"Snuff\u2010dipping","year":"1985","author":"Grice HB","key":"e_1_2_10_60_1"},{"volume-title":"Letter from tony axell to Barry slater enclosing presentation for review","year":"1984","author":"Axell T","key":"e_1_2_10_61_1"},{"volume-title":"Letter from gerry gilmartin to wb Bennett regarding snuff and health symposium","year":"1971","author":"Gilmartin G","key":"e_1_2_10_62_1"},{"volume-title":"Summary of conversation between the abc\u2010tv reporters and executive director of the smokeless tobacco council regarding program aired on \u201cworld news tonight\u201d","year":"1983","key":"e_1_2_10_63_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.11.1742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2005.012799"},{"volume-title":"The role of purchasers and payers in the clinical research enterprise: workshop summary","year":"2002","author":"Institute of Medicine","key":"e_1_2_10_66_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23658-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31718-0"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.70039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T11:43:53Z","timestamp":1748864633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.70039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.70039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.70039","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0965-2140"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1360-0443"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}