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Multi\u2010item questionnaires are increasingly favored for capturing the multidimensional nature of craving, providing valuable insights for clinical care and relapse prediction. This review aimed to summarize craving self\u2010report measurement tools registered in clinical trials and examine their methodological parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A search was conducted in November 2022 and updated in November 2024 using the same methodology on <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> for trials reporting drug craving as an outcome measure. Trials using craving measurement tools were screened and included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 5383 initial trials, 1255 met eligibility criteria. Craving was reported as the only primary outcome measure in 14.6%, one of the primary outcomes in 21.3% and as secondary or exploratory in 64.1% of the studies. The most studied substances were nicotine (32.5% of studies) and alcohol (27.5%), followed by opioids (14.2%). Multi\u2010item questionnaires were the most frequently used approach (55.4%), followed by single\u2010item questionnaires (27.3%) to measure craving. Among 107 identified multi\u2010item questionnaires, only 38 were used three or more times. The most common multi\u2010item questionnaires were the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (20%), Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (12.1%) and Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (9.8%). Most trials focused on evaluating phasic (now) craving (51.6%) over tonic (in a certain time\u2010interval) craving (38%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Craving, measured through self\u2010reports, is increasingly targeted as a primary outcome measure in drug addiction trials registered on <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>. Craving self\u2010reports are highly variable, underscoring the need for standardized tools to enhance comparability across studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:20:23Z","timestamp":1745972423000},"page":"1931-1950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Craving self\u2010reports as outcome measures in drug addiction trials: A systematic review of ClinicalTrials.gov"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4756-7850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matin","family":"Toulami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Psychology Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS)  Tehran 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