{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:33:06Z","timestamp":1791340386194,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRCRPG\u2010Nov21\/100002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRCRPG\u2010Nov21\/100002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sampling frames used by population surveys may result in an underestimation of smoking prevalence as those not residing in households, also known as the \u2018hidden population\u2019, are not sampled. This includes people living in care and residential homes, populations experiencing homelessness, as well as those who have an \u201cabsent or \u201ctemporary\u201d household status (e.g. bed and breakfasts, unsupported temporary accommodation, and those in prison). This study estimated the impact of including these populations on smoking prevalence in the UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from UK government reports and published studies were used to derive estimates of the size of the hidden populations and rates of smoking within these populations. The impact of including the \u2018hidden population\u2019 on overall smoking prevalence in the UK was estimated, along with a correction factor to account for their exclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hidden population over the age of 18 was estimated to be around 1.9 million with a smoking prevalence of between 58% and 66%. Accounting for this hidden population in smoking prevalence surveys may inflate estimates by a correction factor of 1.12 to 1.14. This means smoking prevalence in 2022 would increase from a reported 12.9% to an adjusted range of 14.5\u201314.8%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The absence of the \u2018hidden population\u2019 from smoking prevalence surveys leads to underestimation of smoking rates in the UK. Based on the estimated correction factor, and assuming smoking continues to decline at current rates, achieving the UK government\u2018s target of &lt;5% by 2030 would be substantially delayed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:34:44Z","timestamp":1746174884000},"page":"1582-1600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["How much does the absence of the \u2018hidden population\u2019 from United Kingdom household surveys underestimate smoking prevalence?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8586-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Beard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London  UK"},{"name":"Behavioural Research UK  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4033-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lion","family":"Shahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Behavioural Research UK  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2797-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Behavioural Research UK  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8494-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Behavioural Research UK  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"The Khan review making smoking obsolete","author":"Khan J","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK.Tobacco statistics. 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