{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:40:59Z","timestamp":1792618859265,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001922","name":"Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR150193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR150193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001922","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To report the symptoms and aetiology of ketamine use disorder (KUD), gauge the effectiveness of current treatment services and identify strategies to enhance patient access and outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mixed\u2010methods, cross\u2010sectional questionnaire. Electronic survey from November 2023 to April 2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were recruited through snowball sampling, social media and referrals from UK addiction treatment services. The survey was open to international participants, with responses collected from the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Europe and Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants\/Cases<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 274 individuals with self\u2010identified KUD, including both treatment\u2010seeking (40%) and non\u2010treatment\u2010seeking (60%) current or former ketamine users. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 67\u2009years old, with 47.7% identifying as male. Additionally, 58.8% reported a diagnosed mental health disorder. On average, participants consumed 2.0\u00a0g of ketamine per day, with treatment\u2010seeking individuals reporting higher average use (M\u2009=\u20092.67\u00a0g) than non\u2010treatment\u2010seeking users (M\u2009=\u20091.68\u00a0g) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants completed an online questionnaire addressing their attitudes toward ketamine and treatment services, including questions pertaining to their symptoms of problematic ketamine use, perceptions of education and awareness about KUD, opinions of existing treatment options, and facilitators for seeking treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study identified various physical symptoms associated with KUD, with bladder problems (60%), nasal problems (60%) and \u2018K\u2010cramps\u2019 (56%) being commonly reported among all users. In response to these symptoms, the majority (56%) did not seek treatment; among treatment\u2010seeking users only 36% reported feeling satisfied with their care. Symptoms of abstinence syndrome were also identified, including cravings (71%), low mood (62%), anxiety (59%) and irritability (45%). Treatment\u2010seeking participants reported that the services they used had little (31%) or some (31%) awareness of ketamine, were not tailored to ketamine use (43%) and were generally only somewhat effective (43%). Fifty\u2010nine percent of participants reported that there was \u201cdefinitely not\u201d sufficient awareness in education and peer groups about the risks associated with ketamine use. When asked about the most important factors when choosing a treatment program, cost\/affordability was the most cited for all participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ketamine use disorder (KUD) appears to be associated with a high prevalence of physical and psychological symptoms, including some specifically linked to abstinence. Despite this, most individuals with KUD do not seek treatment, and existing services are often perceived as ineffective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T19:05:29Z","timestamp":1745867129000},"page":"1970-1979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The landscape of ketamine use disorder: Patient experiences and perspectives on current treatment options"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2701-6930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Harding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit University College London Gower Street  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamsin","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maeve","family":"Niepceron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2296-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Gent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8858-4906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celia J. 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