{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:02:21Z","timestamp":1791482541767,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Aims<\/jats:title>\n We measured the effects of public health\u2010oriented cannabis access compared with the illegal market on cannabis use and related mental health outcomes in adult cannabis users.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n This was a two\u2010arm, parallel group, open\u2010label, randomized controlled trial. Follow\u2010up outcome measurement took place after 6\u00a0months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n The study was conducted in Basel\u2010Stadt, Switzerland.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n A total of 378 adult (aged \u226518\u2009years) cannabis users were enrolled and randomized between August 2022 and March 2023, although only 374 users who completed baseline measures could be included.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention and Comparator<\/jats:title>\n Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group with public health\u2010oriented recreational cannabis access in pharmacies (regulated cannabis products, safer use information, voluntary counseling, no advertisement; 189\/188) or the illegal market control group (continued illicit cannabis sourcing; 189\/186).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Measurements<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome was self\u2010reported severity of cannabis misuse after 6\u00a0months, as measured by the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test \u2013 Revised (range 0\u201332). Secondary outcomes involved depressive, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms, cannabis consumption amount, alcohol, and drug use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \n Ten participants were not followed (2.7%). Primary analysis included those with complete data (182 vs. 182). There was some evidence of a difference in cannabis misuse between the legal cannabis intervention group (mean [M]\u2009=\u200910.1) and the illegal market control group (M\u2009=\u200910.9; \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u2009\u22121.4 to 0.0,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.052). These results were supported by an intention\u2010to\u2010treat multiple imputation analysis (n\u2009=\u2009374). Additional sub\u2010group analysis by whether the participant used other drugs or not suggested that any reduction in cannabis misuse was confined to those in the legal cannabis intervention group who used other drugs (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \n Interaction<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). We found no statistically significant changes in any of the secondary outcomes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Public health\u2010oriented recreational cannabis access may decrease cannabis use and cannabis\u2010related harms, especially among those using other drugs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T03:34:11Z","timestamp":1745811251000},"page":"1982-1992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of legal access versus illegal market cannabis on use and mental health: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9541-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavinia","family":"Baltes\u2010Flueckiger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Clinic Psychiatric Services Aargau Windisch Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regine","family":"Steinauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Department Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1183-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric University Clinics Basel University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Guessoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric University Clinics Basel University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric University Clinics Basel University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph Felix","family":"Mosandl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric University Clinics Basel University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Kronschnabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Clinic Psychiatric Services Aargau Windisch Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva\u2010Maria","family":"Pichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Clinic Psychiatric Services Aargau Windisch Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric University Clinics Basel University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Clinic Psychiatric Services Aargau Windisch Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"World drug report 2024 [internet]","author":"United 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