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Random\u2010effects meta\u2010analytic models were implemented. Moderation effects were explored using subgroup analyses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Racial discrimination was positively associated with sixteen alcohol and other drug use outcomes. The strongest associations were observed for at\u2010risk\/hazardous alcohol use [\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.24, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20090.17\u20130.3, I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u200994.8%, m\u2009=\u200929,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20099445], at\u2010risk\/hazardous cannabis use (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.24, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.18\u20130.29, I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u20090%, m\u2009=\u20094,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009462) and substance use disorder (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.25, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.14\u20130.36, I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u200997.7%, m\u2009=\u20095,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200921\u2009051). Considerable heterogeneity was observed across fourteen outcomes (I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u200969.5%\u201397.7%). Concerning tobacco use, Indigenous North Americans had the largest effect (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.27, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.2\u20130.35, I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u20090%, m\u2009=\u20092,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009529), followed by Black Americans (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.06, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.01\u20130.12, I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u200981.7%, m\u2009=\u20097,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20095409). Little evidence for an association was found for Latinxs (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.06, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u2009\u20130.02 to 0.14, I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u200989.2%, m\u2009=\u20093,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20095404) or Asian Americans (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u20130.18, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u2009\u20130.8 to 0.43, I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u200999%, m\u2009=\u20092,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009572). Regarding composite substance use, Indigenous North Americans had the strongest associations (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.29, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.23\u20130.35, I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u20090%, m\u2009=\u20093,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009778), followed by Black Americans (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.13, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.09\u20130.18, I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u200962.8%, m\u2009=\u20097,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20095981) and then Latinxs (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.07, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u2009\u20130.17 to 0.31, I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u200991.3%, m\u2009=\u20094,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20091646). Concerning alcohol use problems, younger samples produced stronger associations (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.28, 95%\u00a0CI\u2009=\u20090.17\u20130.38, I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00a0=\u200938.8%, m\u2009=\u20093,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009483), while older samples showed larger effects in six other outcomes (\n rs<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.13\u20130.26). Regarding at\u2010risk\/hazardous alcohol use and alcohol use problems\/consequences, cross\u2010sectional studies (\n rs<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.23\u20130.24) produced stronger associations than longitudinal studies (\n rs<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.13\u20130.14). Concerning tobacco and illicit substance use, the strongest associations were identified for lifetime exposure (\n rs<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.18\u20130.32).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Racial discrimination appears to be a consistent correlate of multiple alcohol and other drug use outcomes in minoritised racial\/ethnic groups, predominantly based in the United States, yet the magnitude of these associations differs across outcomes. Demographic and methodological characteristics somewhat moderate these associations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T02:44:31Z","timestamp":1752720271000},"page":"2371-2403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A meta\u2010analytic review of the relationship between racial discrimination and alcohol and other drug use outcomes in minoritised racial\/ethnic groups"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4662-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evie","family":"Gates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences Manchester 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