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However, the heterogeneity of clinical populations and research methodologies make it challenging to reach consistent conclusions regarding its efficacy. This meta\u2010analysis investigated the therapeutic effects of EEG\u2010NF on addiction disorders, including both substance and behavioral addictions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science, including 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2000 and 2025 that utilized EEG\u2010NF for addiction treatment, with a total of 662 participants. Subgroup analyses were carried out based on addiction type and neurofeedback modality, alongside meta\u2010regression analyses considering publication year, sample size, age, sex, number of sessions and duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      EEG\u2010NF statistically significantly alleviated addiction symptoms (Hedges'g\u2009=\u20090.85,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with stronger effects on substance addiction than behavioral addiction. Auditory feedback was the most effective modality, while audio\u2010visual feedback was less effective and visual feedback was the weakest. Despite significant heterogeneity, subgroup and meta\u2010regression analyses suggested that neurofeedback modalities and the number of neurofeedback sessions may be the primary factors influencing therapeutic efficacy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis provides robust evidence supporting the efficacy of electroencephalogram neurofeedback (EEG\u2010NF) in the treatment of addiction disorders, with particularly promising results for substance use disorders. Our findings underscore the critical need for protocol optimization, emphasizing both modality selection and careful dose\u2013response calibration to maximize treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T05:16:31Z","timestamp":1755062191000},"page":"225-238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of EEG neurofeedback therapy on addiction disorders: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0020-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Engineering Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5228-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"},{"name":"School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"},{"name":"The First Department of Critical Care Medicine The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Diagnostic definitions and classification of substance use disorders. 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