{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T19:12:38Z","timestamp":1793646758805,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010DA050629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010DA050629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1819\u2010HQ\u2010000036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1819\u2010HQ\u2010000036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urine drug testing is often utilized alongside opioid agonist treatment to assess client progress by validating self\u2010reported substance use, monitoring for diversion and supporting clinical decisions for take\u2010home dosing. However, there is a paucity of evidence to support the practice of urine drug testing. We aimed to determine the association of alternative urine drug testing frequencies with opioid agonist treatment discontinuation, compared with no monitoring, among individuals receiving methadone or buprenorphine\/naloxone treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population\u2010based retrospective cohort study and target trial emulation based on nine\u2010linked administrative databases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>British Columbia, Canada, between 1 January 2010 and 17 March 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with no history of cancer or palliative care, aged 18 or older and no indication of pregnancy who initiated methadone or buprenorphine\/naloxone. A total of 18\u2009988 methadone and 11\u2009910 buprenorphine\/naloxone recipients were included in the incident user design (individuals with no past opioid agonist treatment experience).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a clone\u2010censor\u2010weight approach to estimate hazard ratios with 95% compatibility (\u201cconfidence\u201d) intervals for treatment discontinuation (lasting at least 5 and 6\u2009days for methadone and buprenorphine, respectively) and all\u2010cause mortality on treatment within 12\u2009months for static urine drug testing strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under static monitoring strategies, weekly urine drug testing was associated with a slightly reduced risk of discontinuation in the first year of continuous retention in treatment [methadone: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.96, 95% compatibility interval (CI) = (0.95\u20130.98); buprenorphine\/naloxone: aHR = 0.95 (0.94\u20130.97)] compared with no monitoring. The estimated associations of weekly urine drug testing with all\u2010cause mortality were similar in size but extremely imprecise [methadone: aHR = 0.95 (0.78\u20131.15), buprenorphine\/naloxone: aHR = 0.99 (0.62\u20131.58)]. Less frequent testing demonstrated no observed difference on treatment discontinuation or all\u2010cause mortality compared with no monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with no urine drug testing, weekly urine drug testing may be associated with improved opioid agonist treatment retention; however, the high costs attributable to frequent testing may not be cost\u2010effective and requires further evaluation. There was no improvement associated with less frequent testing compared with no monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T01:25:22Z","timestamp":1756689922000},"page":"2435-2447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative effectiveness of urine drug testing schedules alongside opioid agonist treatment: Emulation of a population\u2010based target trial in British Columbia, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8589-2006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Kurz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda Carolina","family":"Guerra\u2010Alejos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Eun","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun R.","family":"Seaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Biostatistics Unit University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Piske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2413-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paxton","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine UBC  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3484-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Bruneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al CRCHUM  Montr\u00e9al Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de m\u00e9decine de famille et de m\u00e9decine d'urgence Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander","family":"Greenland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Department of Statistics UCLA  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Gustafson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics UBC  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Kampman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ehsanul","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health UBC  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5556-3597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. 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