{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T04:27:55Z","timestamp":1762316875241,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT 1175086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT 1175086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MDMA (3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine or \u201cEcstasy\u201d) is the fourth\u2010most used illicit substance globally. While previous research found links between MDMA use and mental health outcomes, the direction and nature of this relationship remain unclear. This study assessed whether MDMA use in early adulthood increases the risk of anxiety or depression in mid\u201030s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A longitudinal, population\u2010based study using doubly robust inverse probability treatment weighted regression analysis, a contemporary confounder adjustment technique, to examine the relationship between MDMA use in early adulthood (age 20\u201329) and subsequent anxiety or depression at age 35.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Victoria, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were drawn from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study (VAHCS), which began in 1992 with a statewide representative sample of 1943\u2009Year 9 students (aged 14\u201315) from 44 Victorian schools. This paper uses data collected from wave 2 to wave 10 (ages 15\u201335).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across waves 7\u20139 (ages 20\u201329), MDMA use was categorised as any use, persistent use (none, one wave, two or more waves) and frequent use (none, infrequent, frequent). Wave 10 (age 35) outcomes were 12\u2010month diagnoses of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was little evidence linking any pattern of MDMA use in early adulthood with depressive disorders by the mid\u201030s; however, compared with non\u2010MDMA users, the adjusted odds of an anxiety disorder were higher in those who reported past 12\u2010month MDMA use [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20091.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12\u20132.68), persistent MDMA use at two or more waves (OR\u2009=\u20092.05, 95% CI = 1.07\u20133.94), as well as infrequent (OR\u2009=\u20092.11, 95% CI = 1.14\u20133.92) and frequent MDMA use (OR\u2009=\u20092.56, 95% CI = 1.15\u20135.71).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MDMA use (3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine or \u201cEcstasy\u201d) in early adulthood appears to be associated with increased odds of anxiety disorders but not depressive disorder by the mid\u201030s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T10:51:35Z","timestamp":1756378295000},"page":"2448-2464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship between 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use in young adulthood and anxiety or depressive disorders in the mid\u201030s: Findings from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2115-1516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Bryant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0868-9928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3150-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine University of Otago  Christchurch New Zealand"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Parkville Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne  Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5927-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig A.","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Parkville Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne  Parkville Australia"},{"name":"Deakin University, Faculty of Health School of Psychology, SEED Centre for Lifespan Research  Burwood Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Slade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.2021.World drug report 2021. 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