{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:00:57Z","timestamp":1788408057546,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["411232260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["411232260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Craving is a central construct across different kinds of addictive disorders, but craving assessments are highly heterogeneous. Our aim was to develop a valid, standardized and short scale for assessing subjective feelings of acute craving for different substances and addictive behaviors using the same set of items. We aimed to test the resulting scale, the Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance\u2010use Disorders (CASBAS) for factor structure (proposing three factors: reward craving, relief craving, urgency) and validity (study 1) and sensitivity to changes in state craving perception (study 2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted two independent studies. Study 1 followed a correlative design to test for internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity. Study 2 used an experimental within\u2010subjects design with two conditions including a craving induction and three repeated craving measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study 1 was conducted online. Study 2 took place in a German laboratory in individual sessions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were assigned to a survey (study 1) or condition (study 2) for one specific (potentially) addictive behavior (i.e. gaming, gambling, buying\u2010shopping, pornography use, social network use, alcohol use, cannabis use and nicotine use) of those behaviors that they indicated that they felt they had used \u2018too much\u2019 in the past twelve months. Study 1:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091659 (58.5% female). Study 2:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009287 (56.8% female). Samples were similarly distributed across the different behaviors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the CASBAS specified for the respective behavior plus convergent and divergent measures (study 1). In study 2, participants underwent an imagery\u2010based neutral (i.e. brushing teeth) and behavior\u2010specific (e.g. gaming\/alcohol use) desire thinking task with CASBAS assessments before and after each task.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In study 1, the assumed three\u2010factorial structure of the CASBAS was confirmed: the second\u2010order model with a general craving factor fitted best, overall and per behavior (comparative fit indices and Tucker\u2010Lewis indices &gt; 0.95; standardized root mean square residuals &lt; 0.04). The CASBAS proved to be valid by correlating highly with other craving measures (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      s &gt; 0.58) and lowly with divergent measures (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      s &lt; 0.10). Study 2 revealed significant differences in CASBAS ratings between measurements (i.e. craving decrease after neutral \u2018teeth brushing\u2019 condition and increase after addictive\u2010behavior\u2010specific condition), which indicates the CASBAS' sensitivity towards state changes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A newly developed short scale for measuring subjective feelings of acute craving [the Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance\u2010use Disorders (CASBAS)] appears to be a reliable and valid instrument, able to detect increases in craving when people are exposed to behavior\u2010specific cues, and applicable across a range of addictive behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T06:21:01Z","timestamp":1758954061000},"page":"400-412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Psychometric evaluation of a trans\u2010addiction craving questionnaire: The Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance\u2010use Disorders (CASBAS)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Antons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Center for Translational Neuro\u2010 and Behavioral Sciences University Hospital Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Duisburg Germany"},{"name":"Erwin L. 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