{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:29:57Z","timestamp":1767868197582,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007590","name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDPHE96947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDPHE96947"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis legalization has increased product availability and use, subsequently necessitating efficient measurements of cannabis use that accurately reflect biomarkers of cannabis exposure (e.g. blood cannabinoid levels). The present study thus sought to compare cannabis use metrics and their associations with biomarkers and examine whether these associations were moderated by sex or age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational study using data from five larger studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data collection and recruitment occurred in the greater Boulder\/Denver metropolitan area in Colorado, USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091090, M\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u200932.89, SD\u2009=\u200912.97; 78.35% White; 51.56% female) included regular cannabis users (M\n                      <jats:sub>use<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u200916\u2009days\/past month and 4 times\/day).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed assessments of typical quantity and frequency of cannabis use via an in\u2010house survey (Cannabis Quantity and Frequency Scale; CQFS) versus past month use via the Timeline Follow Back (TLFB). Cannabis biomarkers were also collected, including blood levels of delta\u20109 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) after immediate use and baseline levels of the primary THC metabolite, 11\u2010nor\u20109\u2010carboxy\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (THC\u2010COOH)<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Separate mixed effects models using TLFB versus CQFS cannabis metric predictors of the two biomarkers including moderators of sex and age resulted in higher adjusted R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      values for the CQFS versus TLFB model predicting THC\u2010COOH (0.30 vs 0.27, respectively) and for the TLFB versus CQFS model predicting THC (0.24 vs 0.21, respectively). Additionally, greater CQFS total times of any cannabis\/day (i.e. total times\/day) was associated with increased THC\u2010COOH [B\u2009=\u20095.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.66\u201311.03,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03] while it was associated with increased THC among males only (B\n                      <jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20097.80, 95% CI = 0.25\u201315.34,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04). TLFB days\/month was statistically significantly, positively related with both THC\u2010COOH and THC (B\u2009=\u20092.39, 95% CI = 1.00\u20133.79,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and B\u2009=\u20094.18, 95% CI = 0.98\u20137.38,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01, respectively) with no statistically significant interactions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Cannabis Quantity and Frequency Scale (CQFS) measurement of total times\/day appears to be a better predictor of general cannabis use than the Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) method. In contrast, TLFB appears to be better at predicting acute use of cannabis than the CQFS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T10:39:54Z","timestamp":1760092794000},"page":"331-339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cannabis use measurement: Identifying the optimal metric for broad research applications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1283-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carillon J.","family":"Skrzynski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raeghan L.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6762-7586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. Cinnamon","family":"Bidwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder CO USA"},{"name":"Institute for Cognitive Science University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela D.","family":"Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kent E.","family":"Hutchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3","volume-title":"Measuring Alcohol Consumption","author":"Sobell L","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0178194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1360-0443.1991.TB01879.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.77.7.846"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1360-0443.1989.TB03059.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/TOBACCOCONTROL-2018-054900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000141643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009145090403100304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00414-016-1445-X\/FIGURES\/3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ALCALC\/AGL027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DADR.2024.100253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-017-0174-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)00585-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16040484"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0927"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0187"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.05.002","article-title":"Frequent use of cannabis is associated with less peripheral inflammation but similar insulin function as non\u2010use in healthy adults","volume":"138","author":"Bryan AD","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYG.2023.1217144\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"SkrzynskiCJ BryanAD SchmiegeSJ.Quasi\u2010randomization to cannabinoid condition in a study of U.S. legal market cannabis: Characteristics of acceptors versus decliners of randomization. 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