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Several studies support that higher cognitive performance and educational attainment (EA) are associated with a reduced risk for SUD. Here, we aimed to understand better the genetic relationship between EA and SUD, using a general addiction risk\u2010factor (addiction) as a proxy of SUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used GWAS summary statistics on EA (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009766\u2009345) and addiction (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009647\u2009703) and applied a multistep approach to: (i) examinate the genetic overlap between EA and addiction; (ii) test the polygenic contribution of addiction and EA on SUD diagnosis and its clinical heterogeneity in an independent in\u2010house clinical sample (1427 individuals with SUD and 2309 controls); and (iii) dissect the genetic liability of addiction according to its role in EA and assessing its genetic overlap with SUD\u2010related traits, other mental disorders and behavioral traits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We confirmed a negative genetic correlation between addiction and EA [r\n                      <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.33, standard error (SE)\u2009=\u00a00.02,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.14e\u201057]. When we dissected the genetic liability of addiction by its relationship with EA we found that the discordant overlapping variation between addiction and EA, highly enriched for the genetic background of addiction (h\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:sub>SNP<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a02.42%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u20096.37e\u201021), showed the strongest effect on SUD (OR\u2009=\u00a01.66, 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u00a01.54\u20131.79,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.01e\u201040) and was associated with worse sociodemographic, health and SUD\u2010related outcomes in individuals with SUD compared with the other genomic partitions studied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results provide new evidence on the shared genetic basis between addiction and educational attainment. By separating the genetic liability of addiction according to its relationship with educational attainment, we were able to clarify its polygenic effects on substance use disorder diagnosis and related outcomes, providing novel insights into the shared genetic signatures between addiction and other comorbid traits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:01:13Z","timestamp":1765411273000},"page":"908-921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the genetic overlap between substance use disorder and educational attainment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4732-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judit","family":"Cabana\u2010Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Vilar\u2010Rib\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Soler Artigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Alemany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Llonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pau","family":"Carab\u00ed\u2010Gassol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uxue","family":"Zubizarreta\u2010Arruti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Macias\u2010Chimborazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Grau\u2010L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constanza","family":"Daigre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ros\u2010Cucurull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal Felipe","family":"Palma\u2010Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Ortega\u2010Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e8lia","family":"Fern\u00e0ndez\u2010Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Sant Joan de D\u00e9u Research Institute (IRSJD)  Esplugues de Llobregat Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bru","family":"Cormand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Sant Joan de D\u00e9u Research Institute (IRSJD)  Esplugues de Llobregat Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep Antoni","family":"Ramos\u2010Quiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ribas\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Acreditado Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n \u2010 Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron (IR\u2010HUVH)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona (UB)  Barcelona Catalonia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JFDA.2013.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000969"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00034-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41593-020-0643-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41588-018-0307-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30339-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2020.1206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"JohnstonLD O'MalleyPM MiechRA BachmanJG SchulenbergJE.Monitoring the future National Survey Results on drug use 1975\u20102015: overview Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use. 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