{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:01:13Z","timestamp":1790085673474,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC31971018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC31971018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is associated with significant impairments in impulsivity control, contributing to relapse and poor treatment outcomes. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) may be helpful in modulating these symptoms. This study aimed at [1] investigating the differential effects of anodal and cathodal tDCS on craving, affective impulsivity, and motor impulsivity; and [2] exploring the correlations between changes in affective impulsivity &amp; drug craving, and alterations in resting\u2010state electroencephalography (Rs\u2010EEG) microstate parameters following tDCS interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A randomized, parallel, double\u2010blind experimental study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two drug rehabilitation centers in China, from June 2022 to June 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred male participants (ages 33.7\u2009\u00b1\u20096.26\u2009years) during rehabilitation for MUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were randomly assigned to anodal (n\u2009=\u200933), cathodal (n\u2009=\u200931), or sham (n\u2009=\u200936) tDCS conditions. tDCS was delivered at 2\u00a0mA (anodal and cathodal) or 0\u00a0mA (sham) for 20\u2009minutes, twice daily for ten consecutive days. The central electrode was placed on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary and secondary outcomes were assessed at four time points: baseline (before intervention), post\u2010intervention 1 (after two sessions), post\u2010intervention 2 (after 20 sessions, primary time\u2010point), and one\u2010month follow\u2010up (post\u2010intervention 3). Primary outcomes were affective impulsivity and motor impulsivity. Secondary outcomes included drug craving, Rs\u2010EEG microstates, and adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anodal tDCS statistically significantly improved affective impulsivity control after 20 sessions (estimate\u2009=\u2009\u221236.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] [\u221259.72, \u221212.73], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) but not motor impulsivity control. Both anodal and cathodal tDCS statistically significantly reduced drug craving after 20 sessions (anodal: estimate\u2009=\u20093.36, 95% CI [1.15, 5.57], p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01; cathodal: estimate\u2009=\u20092.62, 95% CI [0.34, 4.9], p\u2009=\u20090.02). Changes in affective impulsivity were statistically significantly correlated with alterations in Rs\u2010EEG microstate parameters, such as microstate B coverage (r\u2009=\u20090.29, p. &lt; 0.01, n\u2009=\u2009100); however, there is a lack of clear evidence for correlations between changes in craving and microstate parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among methamphetamine users in rehabilitation, anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex appears to improve affective impulsivity control, but not motor impulsivity control, and both anodal and cathodal tDCS reduce drug craving.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T09:22:36Z","timestamp":1764148956000},"page":"655-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on affective impulsivity in methamphetamine users: A randomized experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8626-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences Sichuan Normal University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"School of Business and Management Shanghai International Studies University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences Sichuan Normal University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiemin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences Sichuan Normal University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Ziyang Drug Rehabilitation Center  Ziyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Shuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Yaan Drug Rehabilitation Center  Yaan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiajin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affect Cognition and Regulation Laboratory (ACRLab), Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences Sichuan Normal University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Psychology and Behavior of Discipline Inspection and Supervision Sichuan Normal University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.626535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4372-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107891"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109814"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0910"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-022-00872-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011866.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210803091637"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.956315"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2021.19.4.653"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115621"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","article-title":"The counterproductive effect of right anodal\/left cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on impulsivity in methamphetamine addicts","volume":"13","author":"Jiang X","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976221110136"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-00982-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2022.110514"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02743-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c869"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.975"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2015.1043210"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.08.155"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"A rating instrument for anxiety disorders","volume":"12","author":"Zung WW","year":"1971","journal-title":"Psychosom J Consult Liaison Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13452"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv066"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108429"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2023.100411"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.70259","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.70259","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.70259","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T08:21:01Z","timestamp":1772958061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.70259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.70259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.70259","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}