{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T05:00:42Z","timestamp":1774242042783,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001921","name":"Public Health Research Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR150838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR150838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To conduct a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) of a gambling prevention intervention (PRoGRAM\u2010A) among young people aged 13\u201315 to determine the utility of conducting a Phase III RCT assessing effectiveness and cost\u2010effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two\u2010arm, pilot cluster randomised controlled trial with an embedded process evaluation, health economic scoping study and social network analysis. Six schools were identified based on Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation and school roll size. Schools were randomised to either intervention (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094) or control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092). The trial was delivered between October 2023 and November 2024.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six state funded secondary schools in Scotland (four intervention, two control).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Students (intervention\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009762, and control\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009352) in secondary school year 3 (aged 13\u201315\u2009years old).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention and comparator<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PRoGRAM\u2010A (Preventing Gambling Related Harm in Adolescents), a peer\u2010led social network intervention to protect young people, their friends and family members from gambling related harm (GRH). Control schools delivered their standard Personal, Social, Health and Education (PSHE) curriculum, which did not include any form of gambling education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome of this study was whether progression to a full\u2010scale Phase III cRCT was warranted, using pre\u2010set progression criteria. These criteria sought to address uncertainties in the intervention and cRCT design with thresholds set according to a traffic light system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All five progression criteria were met. All schools were recruited and retained in the study with minimal missing outcome data. The process evaluation indicated that PRoGRAM\u2010A was acceptable to multiple stakeholders and delivered with fidelity to the delivery manual. The proposed primary outcome for a future Phase III cRCT was self\u2010reported gambling participation (measured by asking about types of gambling participation \u2018in the last 4 weeks\u2019 and \u2018in the last 12\u2009months'). This pilot study found no statictically significant differences between the control and intervention groups at follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The school\u2010based gambling prevention intervention PRoGRAM\u2010A appears to be an acceptable intervention which can be delivered with high fidelity. The trial methods were acceptable with all settings recruited and retained. Progression to a larger randomised controlled trial to test effectiveness and costs effectiveness is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T05:31:43Z","timestamp":1765603903000},"page":"777-787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preventing gambling\u2010related harm in adolescents (PRoGRAM\u2010A), a secondary school\u2010based social network intervention: Results from a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-8203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Dobbie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9165-790X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5886-0220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Niven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1361-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Wardle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Political Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6494-4903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Weir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3052-7287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Ensor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1958-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Stoddart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3978-3754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dave","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2998-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6527-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Purves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8371-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, School of Medicine Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Gambling fact sheet [Internet].2024. 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