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This study aimed to compare responses toward smoking\u2010related stimuli with responses in control conditions (e.g. non\u2010approach or neutral stimuli) using a multi\u2010method approach. By examining associations between response measures and with smoking\u2010related variables, the study sought to extend understanding of their role in abstinence\u2010motivated, non\u2010deprived individuals with chronic tobacco dependence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study conducted at a university laboratory and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner in Munich, Germany.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>362 chronically smoking individuals (51.38% female; data collection: November 2019\u2013March 2023) with moderate\u2010to\u2010severe tobacco dependence, enrolled in a smoking cessation study, allowed ad libitum smoking prior to assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Responses toward smoking\u2010related stimuli were assessed using cognitive\u2010behavioral (reaction\u2010time\u2010based approach biases), psychophysiological (electromyography: corrugator supercilii, zygomaticus major and orbicularis oculi for acoustic startle reflex) and neural (functional MRI: regions relevant to smoking cue\u2010reactivity) measures. Smoking\u2010related variables were cigarettes per day, tobacco dependence severity and craving. Split\u2010half reliabilities were estimated for all measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants exhibited a statistically significantly attenuated acoustic startle reflex toward smoking\u2010related versus neutral stimuli (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, Rosenthal's\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.39), while no statistically significant differences emerged for other psychophysiological or cognitive\u2010behavioral measures. Neural measures showed statistically significantly heightened reactivity toward smoking\u2010related versus neutral stimuli in sensory and motor regions (e.g. precuneus;\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a00.001, Rosenthal's\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.44) but reduced activity in reward\u2010related regions (e.g. striatum;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.021, Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.22). Higher craving was statistically significantly associated with stronger appetitive responses on some measures from all assessment methods (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      s \u2264 0.041), whereas greater tobacco dependence and smoking behavior were linked to reduced neural reactivity toward smoking\u2010related stimuli (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      s \u2264 0.036). No statistically significant associations emerged between measures from different methods (factor loadings \u2264 0.145,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      s \u2265 0.076). Differences scores between conditions (rel.\u2009=\u2009\u22120.351 to 0.837) were generally less reliable than their individual components (rel.\u2009=\u20090.619 to 0.964; excluding one exception)\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Appetitive responses toward smoking\u2010related stimuli may play a limited role in abstinence\u2010motivated, non\u2010deprived individuals with chronic tobacco dependence, whereas habitual motor responses could be more crucial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T03:34:56Z","timestamp":1765769696000},"page":"1140-1152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Appetitive responses toward smoking\u2010related stimuli in abstinence\u2010motivated, non\u2010deprived individuals with chronic tobacco dependence: A multi\u2010methodological investigation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2712-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Motka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology LMU Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM) University Hospital, LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoye","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth M.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of 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