{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:47:02Z","timestamp":1792025222235,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whether gambling marketing has a causal effect on harm is of regulatory interest. Direct marketing offers (emails, push notifications and text messages) are frequently received by people with active gambling accounts, but they can opt out. This study aimed to test whether opting out of direct marketing reduces betting and short\u2010term gambling harms in a real\u2010world gambling environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stratified randomised field experiment with a between\u2010participants design, embedded in a 14\u2010day ecological momentary assessment (EMA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide, Australia (July\u2013August 2023).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009227; 61.7% men; mean age\u2009=\u200945), 52.0% of whom scored in the moderate\u2010risk or problem range on the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), were regular Australian sports and race bettors recruited from online panels who agreed in principle to opt out of receiving direct marketing from all wagering operators with whom they held accounts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were stratified by PGSI risk category, age group and gender and then randomly allocated either to an opt\u2010out condition (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200996), in which they opted out of direct marketing from their wagering operators and provided proof, or to a control condition (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009131) that continued to receive direct marketing as usual.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven EMA surveys were administered every 48\u2009hours over a 14\u2010day period during a high\u2010volume betting season. Outcomes were self\u2010reported number of bets placed, gambling expenditure (in Australian dollars, AUD) and short\u2010term gambling harms in the previous 48\u2009hours, assessed with a 10\u2010item adapted Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The opt\u2010out group placed 23% fewer bets [\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009\u22120.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = \u22120.20, \u22120.03,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.011], spent 39% less money (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009\u22120.53, 95% CI = \u22120.84, \u22120.21,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.001) and reported 67% fewer short\u2010term gambling harms (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009\u22120.22, 95% CI = \u22120.36, \u22120.07,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.004) compared with the controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opting out of receiving direct marketing from wagering operators appears to be associated with statistically significantly fewer bets made, amount spent gambling and short\u2010term gambling harms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:01:18Z","timestamp":1773878478000},"page":"1907-1919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Direct gambling marketing, direct harm: A randomised experiment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0080-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Rockloff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University  Bundaberg Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2668-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University  Bundaberg Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerilee","family":"Hing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University  Bundaberg Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex M. 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