{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:35:24Z","timestamp":1788791724855,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRCPJT\u2010Nov22\/100012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRCPJT\u2010Nov22\/100012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic cigarettes (EC) are considered a smoking cessation tool in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, but uncertainty remains internationally over whether their benefits outweigh potential harms when used for this purpose. This overview (1) synthesised existing evidence from systematic reviews (SR) on the effectiveness and safety of ECs to explore and address these uncertainties and disagreements and (2) mapped primary intervention studies to identify priorities for further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overview of SRs published from 1 January 2015 and meeting the inclusion criteria of the Cochrane review of EC for smoking cessation. We searched seven databases to April 2024. We followed Cochrane screening and data extraction methods. We adapted Campbell Collaboration and 3ie methods for the Evidence and Gap Map (EGM). We assessed review quality using AMSTAR\u20102.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 14 reviews of intervention studies (7 high quality; 7 low quality), with search dates from 2014 to 2023, in adult populations including the general population, people at risk of lung cancer, with comorbid health conditions and pregnant people. Eighteen studies were included across multiple reviews, some of which included multiple meta\u2010analyses. Across 21 meta\u2010analytic comparisons of nicotine EC versus other interventions, all reported point estimates favouring nicotine EC for smoking cessation, with relative risks\/odds ratios typically in the range 1.17\u20131.67 versus nicotine replacement therapy and 1.46\u20132.09 versus non\u2010nicotine EC, with higher\u2010quality reviews giving more consistent estimates. Of 13 reviews that meta\u2010analysed serious adverse events (SAEs), two reported point estimates suggesting increased SAEs with nicotine EC; other estimates included the possibility of no difference. For adverse events, pooled estimates generally indicated little or no difference between groups. Our EGM mapped 90 primary, complete studies and identified absolute gaps in evidence comparing the effects of nicotine EC to cytisine, bupropion and nicotine pouches. Most studies used collected data from high\u2010income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meta\u2010analyses of electronic cigarettes (EC) for smoking cessation report point estimates favouring higher \u22656\u2010month smoking cessation rates with nicotine EC compared with nicotine replacement therapy, non\u2010nicotine EC\/placebo, behavioural or no support and mixed support. Evidence on serious adverse events (SAEs) remains inconclusive. Evidence gaps were identified in SAE data and in studies from low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:02:02Z","timestamp":1774569722000},"page":"1957-1971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: An overview of systematic reviews and evidence and gap map"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9726-8975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela Difeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9669-9180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monserrat","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8577-6574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ailsa R.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2539-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Lindson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3757-5591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Livingstone\u2010Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9160-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Hajek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Population Health Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7777-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayden","family":"McRobbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Population Health Queen Mary University of London  London UK"},{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachna","family":"Begh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8942-2167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Theodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0876-3304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin","family":"Notley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tari","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Australia School of Public Health &amp; Preventive Medicine  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliza","family":"Zhitnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Policy University of Massachusetts  Amherst MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9898-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Hartmann\u2010Boyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Policy University of Massachusetts  Amherst MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"ASH.Health Inequalities and Smoking 2019.2019. 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