{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T18:24:38Z","timestamp":1790447078119,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent studies have shown that Black men and women have been disproportionately impacted by overdose deaths within recent years, with their mortality rates rising sharply compared with their White counterparts. As the United States is in the fourth wave of the polysubstance use overdose crisis, it is unclear if polysubstance use is contributing to these disparate patterns of overdose mortality across race and gender. This study aimed to measure gender\u2010specific racial disparities in opioid related polysubstance use drug mortality in the United States from 2004 to 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this population\u2010level study of all deaths occurring in the United States, we obtained finalized death records of overdose fatalities identified using codes in the\n                      <jats:italic>International Classification of Diseases<\/jats:italic>\n                      , Tenth Revision (ICD\u201010) from Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention's Wide\u2010Ranging Online Database for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) Multiple Cause of Death file, from 2004 to 2022. Annual Percent Change (APC) and Annual Average Percent Change (AAPC) in age\u2010adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) for White men, White women, Black men, Black women, Hispanic men and Hispanic women were determined using joinpoint regression in this cross\u2010sectional study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Joinpoint regression was used to examine mortality rates for opioid\u2010only, opioids with a stimulant, opioids with benzodiazepines, among racial\/gender groups to measure temporal trends in age\u2010adjusted overdose mortality due to polysubstance\u2010related overdose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The final analytic sample included\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009627\u2009793 opioid\u2010only deaths,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009196\u2009001 opioid\u2010stimulant and\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009117\u2009322 opioid\u2010benzodiazepine overdose deaths. Opioid\u2010involved deaths increased across all groups, with the highest absolute rate change experienced by non\u2010Hispanic Black men (53.55 per 100\u2009000, AAPC: 17.3%) and pronounced increases shown to occur between 2011 and 2022 (APC: 29.0%). Opioid\u2010stimulant polysubstance use deaths had the largest increases among non\u2010Hispanic Black men and women, with a 39.5% APC (2011\u20132022) for men and 36.2% APC (2012\u20132022) for women. Among Hispanic men, the rates accelerated 33.8% per year (2012\u20132022). For opioid\u2010benzodiazepine polysubstance use deaths, non\u2010Hispanic White men and women experienced the highest absolute rate change of 3.39 and 2.41 per 100\u2009000, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the United States from 2004 to 2022, overdose deaths from polysubstance use escalated sharply across all racial and ethnic groups, with disproportionate increases across non\u2010Hispanic Black and Hispanic individuals, particularly in opioid\u2010stimulant and opioid\u2010only profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:01:13Z","timestamp":1776312073000},"page":"2035-2042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A population\u2010based study exploring racial and gender inequities in polysubstance\u2010related deaths across the United States from 2004 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5002-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kechna","family":"Cadet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige","family":"Brinzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schmidt College of Medicine Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia S.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Columbia University Irving Medical Center  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"CDC National Center for Health Statistics. May 15 2024.U.S. Overdose Deaths Decrease in 2023 First Time Since 2018. Accessed March 30 2025.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/pressroom\/nchs_press_releases\/2024\/20240515.htm#:~:text=Provisional%20data%20from%20CDC's%20National drug%20overdose%20deaths%20since%202018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics.U.S. Overdose Deaths In 2021 Increased Half as Much as in 2020 \u2013 But Are Still Up 15%. 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