{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:38:18Z","timestamp":1792093098637,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n Kratom use in the United States (US) has increased. Kratom is not federally scheduled; regulation is heterogenous and determined at the state level. Strategies include no regulation, bans and kratom consumer protection acts (KCPA) such as age limits, product purity or labeling requirements. Public health data informing these policies remain limited. This study aimed to compare rates of poison center (PC) reported kratom exposures, including those associated with severe medical outcomes and healthcare use, across US states with differing regulatory frameworks, and to characterize national trends in kratom exposures over time.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Retrospective observational study of kratom exposures reported to the National Poison Data System from 2010 to 2023.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n All 50 US states and the District of Columbia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n A total of 8919 kratom\u2010related exposures were reported to PCs during the study period, including 5452 single\u2010substance exposures (61%). Most cases involved adult males (69%), aged \u226518\u2009years (8133; 91%).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Measurements<\/jats:title>\n States were classified by kratom regulatory status into four categories: unrestricted (no regulations), KCPA, local restrictions (KCPA in 1 or more county, but no state regulation) or banned (retail sale illegal). The primary outcome was the incidence of severe medical outcomes defined as exposures coded by America's Poison Centers criteria as major effect (life\u2010threatening or resulting in significant residual disability) or death. Secondary outcomes included rates of exposure, hospitalization and healthcare use (defined as hospital admission or evaluation in an emergency department, urgent care or primary care).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \n Kratom exposures increased from 19 cases in 2010 to 1242 cases in 2023 [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 69.0 compared with 2010; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 39.6\u2013120;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001]. Severe medical outcomes increased from zero cases in 2010 to 158 cases in 2023; 2012 was the first year in which a severe outcome was reported (2023 IRR = 56.9 vs 2012; 95% CI = 14.7\u2013221;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Overall, 13% of kratom exposures resulted in a severe medical outcome. Compared with states where kratom was banned, statistically significantly higher rates of exposures (IRR = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.89\u20133.28), severe medical outcomes (IRR = 3.19; 95% CI = 1.78\u20135.70), healthcare use (IRR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.66\u20133.60) and hospitalization (IRR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.81\u20133.30,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) occurred (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). No statistically significant differences were identified between other regulatory categories.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Kratom exposures and severe medical outcomes reported to United States poison centers are increasing nationally, though states with bans in place have experienced less pronounced increases.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:01:32Z","timestamp":1776834092000},"page":"2457-2467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association between state\u2010level kratom regulations and poison center\u2010reported severe medical outcomes and healthcare use: A United States national analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Grant","family":"Comstock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Gulotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa E.","family":"Rein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science Institute, Division of Biostatistics Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6630-3288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Froedtert ThedaCare Health Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Jentsch MJ","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20146425"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6529a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1811055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121666200719011653"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Product Details LSB11082 [Internet]. 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