{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:08:48Z","timestamp":1790312928345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0DCB23N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0DCB23N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Personality traits have been consistently linked to alcohol use. High neuroticism and extraversion and low agreeableness and conscientiousness are known risk factors for both alcohol use frequency and problematic use across the lifespan. These associations have mostly been studied in the sufficient causality domain (\u201cif X, then probably Y\u201d), whereas little is known about these relationships in the necessary causality one (\u201cif not X, then not Y\u201d). Knowing that a variable is a necessary cause for an outcome helps identify who will be at risk for the outcome and who will be virtually immune. The aim of this study was to test whether personality traits in childhood, adolescence and emerging adulthood might serve as necessary conditions for problematic alcohol use in adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study is part of the \u201cFlemish Study on Parenting, Personality, and Development\u201d, and it is a 23\u2010year longitudinal study across four time points [childhood (T1), adolescence (T2), emerging adulthood (T3), adulthood (T4)].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Flanders (Belgium).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At T1, the total sample consisted of 306 participants (age\u2009=\u20097.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.13\u2009years, and 59.15% females), at T2 of 289 participants (age\u2009=\u200915.78\u2009\u00b1\u20091.16\u2009years, 59.86% females), at T3 of 290 participants (age\u2009=\u200921.78\u2009\u00b1\u20091.15\u2009years, 59.66% females) and at T4 of 306 participants (age\u2009=\u200930.08\u2009\u00b1\u20091.13\u2009years, 59.15% females).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Personality traits were assessed in childhood, adolescence and emerging adulthood using the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children (HiPIC) and were related to problematic alcohol use, measured through the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), in adulthood. Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) was used to test whether specific traits were necessary for the outcome, and to what extent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Conscientiousness emerged as a developmentally stable necessary condition for problematic alcohol use in adulthood (childhood:\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.31,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.050; adolescence:\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.33,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.052; emerging adulthood:\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.33,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023; all large effects). No other personality traits reached statistical significance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is possible to identify, already in childhood and through the lifespan, personality characteristics that distinguish individuals vulnerable to developing problematic alcohol use in adulthood from those who are not. Specifically, lower levels of conscientiousness appear to be necessary to be at risk of potentially developing problematic alcohol use in adulthood, whereas high levels of conscientiousness appear to lead to virtual immunity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T10:11:44Z","timestamp":1775556704000},"page":"1824-1835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Which personality traits are necessary conditions for problematic alcohol use? Insights from a 23\u2010year longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5236-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Giugovaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Prinzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda C.","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Substance use and Addiction Research, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies Erasmus University Rotterdam  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7853-2694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingmar H. A.","family":"Franken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Substance use and Addiction Research, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies Erasmus University Rotterdam  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders. 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