{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T04:04:32Z","timestamp":1783915472901,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n Current treatment options for alcohol use disorder are limited. Transcranial direct current stimulation has been proposed as a therapeutic approach, but evidence remains scarce. This study aimed to compare active vs.\u00a0sham transcranial direct current stimulation to evaluate its efficacy and safety in reducing alcohol consumption in a large sample of individuals with alcohol use disorder.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n REDSTIM is a triple\u2010blind, randomized, sham\u2010controlled trial that was conducted from October 2015 to January 2022. Participants were followed up every 4\u00a0weeks for 24\u2009weeks.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Fourteen sites in France and Monaco.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n 356 adult outpatients with alcohol use disorder were assessed for eligibility, and 337 were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive active or sham stimulation. At baseline, the randomized participants were primarily male (60.5%) with an average age of 51.3\u2009\u00b1\u200911.3\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention and comparator<\/jats:title>\n \n Two daily stimulation sessions (anode F4, cathode F3, 2\u00a0mA) delivered over five consecutive days vs. sham stimulation. Direct currents were applied via a pair of 0.9% NaCl\u2010soaked surface sponge electrodes (25\u2009cm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ). In the sham stimulation group, the initial ramp\u2010up time of 15\u2009s (also up to 2\u00a0mA) was immediately followed by a ramp down phase of 30\u2009seconds.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Measurements<\/jats:title>\n The co\u2010primary outcomes were the change in the number of heavy drinking days (HDD) and total alcohol consumption (TAC) over the follow\u2010up period. Exploratory secondary outcomes included alcohol craving, clinical and biological improvements, quality\u2010of\u2010life, mood, cognitive and safety assessments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \n Over 24\u2009weeks of follow\u2010up, vs. sham, the active stimulation group reported statistically significant reductions in the number of HDD [\u22122.45 HDD\/4\u00a0weeks, 97.5% confidence interval (CI) = \u22124.86 to \u22120.05,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.022]. The reduction in TAC was not statistically significant (\u22125.96\u2009g\/day, 97.5% CI = \u221215.18 to 3.26,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.147). The interpretation of these findings should take into account the proportion of missing data related to alcohol diary completeness and losses to follow\u2010up.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n For secondary outcomes at 24\u2009weeks, vs. sham, craving assessments were lower in the stimulation group (\u22120.36 95% CI = \u22120.65 to \u22120.07,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.016), as were carbohydrate deficient transferrin levels (\u22120.33 95% CI = \u22120.65 to \u22120.01,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.045). In the active vs. sham stimulation group, 69 (41.1%) and 62 participants (36.7%) experienced one or more adverse effects, resulting in 6 dropouts.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Among adult outpatients with alcohol use disorder, active transcranial direct current stimulation resulted in a modest but sustained reduction in heavy drinking days over 24\u2009weeks, while no statistically significant effect was observed for total alcohol consumption. The intervention was well tolerated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:34:33Z","timestamp":1778106873000},"page":"2141-2153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in alcohol use disorder: A randomized controlled triple\u2010blind trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Benoit","family":"Trojak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Hospitalo\u2010Universitaire d'Addictologie Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe, CHU Dijon Bourgogne Dijon France"},{"name":"INSERM U1093, UFR STAPS Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Sauvaget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mouvement, Interactions, Performance, MIP, UR 4334 Nantes Universit\u00e9, CHU Nantes Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wissam","family":"El Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRU de Tours Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire Tours France"},{"name":"UMR 1253, iBrain Universit\u00e9 de Tours, INSERM Tours France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wallenhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Psychiatrie Adultes et Addictologie CH Semur\u2010en\u2010Auxois Semur\u2010en\u2010Auxois France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Rolland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), Hospices Civils de Lyon, CH Le Vinatier, Lyon France unit\u00e9 PSR2, CRNL, UMR 5292 CNRS\/1028 INSERM \u2010 Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1 Bron France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Nubukpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U1094 IRD UMR270, Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT Limoges France"},{"name":"P\u00f4le universitaire de de psychiatrie adultes et addictologie (PUP3A), Centre Hospitalier Esquirol Limoges France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghina","family":"Harika\u2010Germaneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeRCA CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, Universit\u00e9 de Tours Poitiers France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit Poitiers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Szekely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Psychiatrie Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace Monaco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Giustiniani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR INSERM 1322 LINC Universit\u00e9 de Franche Comt\u00e9 Besan\u00e7on France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8938-8683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Auriacombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SANPSY, CNRS UMR 6033 Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux Bordeaux France"},{"name":"P\u00f4le Inter\u2010\u00c9tablissement d'Addictologie CHU Bordeaux et CH Charles Perrens Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Brousse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Psychiatrie Adulte et d'Addictologie CHU Clermont\u2010Ferrand CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Clermont\u2010Auvergne, Institut Pascal Clermont\u2010Ferrand France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Guillaume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Urgence et Post\u2010Urgence Psychiatrique, H\u00f4pital Lapeyronie CHRU Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Bubrovszky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration R\u00e9gionale de Recherche en Sant\u00e9 Mentale et Psychiatrie Hauts\u2010de\u2010France France"},{"name":"Etablissement Public de Sant\u00e9 Mentale de l'Agglom\u00e9ration Lilloise St Andr\u00e9\u2010lez\u2010Lille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6670-7920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Petit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Hospitalo\u2010Universitaire d'Addictologie Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe, CHU Dijon Bourgogne Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6042-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9mence","family":"Cabelguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Medicine and Psychiatry Department Nantes Universit\u00e9, CHU Nantes Nantes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"El Ayoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRU de Tours Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire Tours France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Rankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation, Unit\u00e9 de Soutien M\u00e9thodologique \u00e0 la Recherche CHU Dijon Bourgogne Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Soudry\u2010Faure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation, Unit\u00e9 de Soutien M\u00e9thodologique \u00e0 la Recherche CHU Dijon Bourgogne Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Goueslard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation, Unit\u00e9 de Soutien M\u00e9thodologique \u00e0 la Recherche CHU Dijon Bourgogne Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7694-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Demina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Hospitalo\u2010Universitaire d'Addictologie Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe, CHU Dijon Bourgogne Dijon France"},{"name":"INSERM U1093, UFR STAPS Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Geneva: World Health Organization.Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders. Licence: CC BY\u2010NC\u2010SA 3.0 IGO. Preprint posted online 2024.https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/377960\/9789240096745-eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-015-0028-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01670-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2018.1528265"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1363-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00349"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1559-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2022.100076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000984"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency.Development of medicinal products for the treatment of alcohol dependence: scientific guideline.2010. Accessed 13 June 2024.https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/development-medicinal-products-treatment-alcohol-dependence-scientific-guideline"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000362408"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009286150804200402"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2003.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012557.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12414"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2606-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117800"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2013.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114527362"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12800"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12543"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.70461","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.70461","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.70461","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T03:12:41Z","timestamp":1783912361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.70461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.70461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.70461","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}