{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:06:23Z","timestamp":1789535183992,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We followed up a financial incentives trial aimed at maintaining smoking cessation postpartum, which showed some positive effects at one year, to assess sustained abstinence at 3\u20134\u2009years postpartum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Secondary analysis of longer\u2010term outcomes of a pragmatic, multi\u2010centre, three\u2010arm randomized controlled trial, recruiting 462 postpartum women in England, aged \u226516\u2009years, having stopped smoking during pregnancy with financial incentives, validated as abstinent at end of pregnancy or early postpartum. Interventions: (1) usual care (UC); (2) UC plus up to \u00a360 of voucher incentives offered to participants and \u00a360 offered to significant\u2010other supporters, over 3 months postpartum, contingent upon validated abstinence (\u20183\u2010months incentives\u2019); or (3) UC plus \u20183\u2010months incentives\u2019 plus \u00a3180 of vouchers offered to participants over 9\u00a0months postpartum (leading to a maximum of \u00a3240 of incentives for participants, plus \u00a360 for significant others), contingent upon validated abstinence (\u201812\u2010months incentives\u2019). Participants who did not achieve sustained abstinence at one year were included as non\u2010abstainers but were not followed\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Primary outcome: biochemically validated abstinence at 3\u20134 years postpartum. Statistical significance was set at\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.017 to account for multiple comparisons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the full trial sample, 63% (289\/462) of participants had self\u2010reported smoking status at 3\u20134\u00a0years postpartum; 19% (88\/462) reported as abstinent, of whom 64% (56\/88) underwent biochemical validation with none misclassified. Primary outcome abstinence was 16.4% (26\/159) for 12\u2010months incentives, 12.3% (19\/154) for 3\u2010months incentives and 7.4% (11\/149) for UC. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence interval) for 12\u2010months vs. UC: OR 2.51 (1.18\u20135.31),\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016, and for 3\u2010months vs. UC: 1.81 (0.83\u20133.98),\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.138. In a fully adjusted model, the difference between 12\u2010month incentives and UC was no longer statistically significant: OR 2.44 (1.11\u20135.36),\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.027, using the Bonferroni correction (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.017). Bayes factors indicated that for 12\u2010months vs. UC there was good evidence for the alternative hypothesis and for 3\u2010months vs. UC there was inconclusive evidence for the null or alternative hypothesis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Up to \u00a3300 of voucher incentives offered over 12\u2009months postpartum may be effective for maintaining smoking abstinence at 3\u20134\u00a0years postpartum compared with usual care. Up to \u00a3120 of incentives over 3 months postpartum does not appear to be beneficial compared with usual care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:00:07Z","timestamp":1784095207000},"page":"2725-2734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Financial incentives for maintaining postpartum smoking abstinence: 3\u20134\u2010year follow\u2010up of the Financial Incentives for Prevention of Postpartum Return to Smoking (FIPPS) randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0995-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Ussher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing and Health University of Stirling  Stirling UK"},{"name":"Department of Population Health and Policy, City St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing and Health University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Bauld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute and Behavioural Research UK University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2912-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"McKell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing and Health University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8577-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Orton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Academic Primary Care University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Academic Primary Care University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7303-4805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Academic Primary Care University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03311-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13309"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003999.pub6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004307.pub7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16176"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05480-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Passive smoking and children. 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