{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:06:26Z","timestamp":1789535186101,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on the presence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) mainly originate from drug\u2010checking, law enforcement and wastewater analysis sources, while data on NPS poisonings are scarce. In Europe, the documented incidence rate of NPS poisonings is highest in the Netherlands. We investigated temporal trends in NPS poisonings reported to the Dutch Poisons Information Center (DPIC) between 2012 and 2025 and compared these trends across NPS categories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National observational study based on retrospective extraction of recreational drug poisonings (including NPS) from the DPIC database from 2012 to 2025. The DPIC is not accessible to the general public and reporting by healthcare professionals is voluntary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting\/cases<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The DPIC database contains standardized case report forms with anonymous patient data and individually (self\u2010)reported substance exposures (not ICD\u2010coded, not analytically confirmed). All cases concerning human exposures to recreational drugs recorded in the DPIC database were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcomes were the annual number and annual incidence rate of NPS poisonings reported to the DPIC, relative to the annual number of all recreational drug poisonings. Secondary outcomes were incidence rates of specific (categories of) NPS over time. Predictor was the year of report.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2012 and 2025, healthcare professionals reported 19\u2009316 recreational drug poisonings, including 4289 NPS\u2010related poisonings, while seeking advice on patient management. The annual number of NPS poisonings increased from 32 in 2012 to 829 in 2025. Between 2012 and 2025 the annual incidence rate of NPS poisonings increased statistically significantly by 19% per year [incidence rate ratio\u2009=\u00a01.19; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15\u20131.23]. A higher incidence rate of NPS poisonings was observed in July and December. Cathinones, phenethylamines and benzodiazepines represented 83% of all NPS poisonings. Benzodiazepines were predominant in 2012 and 2024, phenethylamines from 2013 to 2018 and cathinones from 2019 to 2023 and in 2025. The total number of unique NPS notified to the DPIC increased from 17 in 2012 to 176 in 2025. Poisonings with 3\u2010methylmethcathinone (3\u2010MMC), bromazolam, 4\u2010fluoroamphetamine (4\u2010FA), 4\u2010bromo\u20102,5\u2010dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C\u2010B) and 4\u2010methylmethcathinone (4\u2010MMC, mephedrone) were reported most frequently (5\u201322% of 4289 NPS poisonings). Poisonings with arylcyclohexylamines, cannabinoids, opioids, arylalkylamines, tryptamines (indolalkylamines), piperidines and pyrrolidines and other substances were rare (every category &lt;5% of 4289 NPS poisonings). No poisonings with aminoindanes or piperazines were reported from 2012 to 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The annual incidence rate of new psychoactive substances poisonings reported to the Dutch Poisons Information Center increased by 19% per year between 2012 and 2025. The predominant categories and specific substances involved changed markedly over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:00:41Z","timestamp":1783411241000},"page":"2822-2832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in new psychoactive substance poisonings in the Netherlands: A 14\u2010year retrospective analysis (2012\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4255-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna J.","family":"Nugteren\u2010van Lonkhuyzen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Poisons Information Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0370-7285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irma S.","family":"van den Hengel\u2010Koot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Poisons Information Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7843-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudine C.","family":"Hunault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Poisons Information Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0191-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan W.","family":"de Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Poisons Information Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Intensive Care Department University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2746-1371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoinette J. H. P.","family":"van Riel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Poisons Information Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9823-008X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Hondebrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Poisons Information Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"European Drug Report 2025: Trends and Developments","author":"European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Early Warning Advisory on NPS, Data Visualisations \u2010 Public","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Drug\u2010related hospital emergency presentations in Europe: update from the Euro\u2010DEN Plus expert network","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2137524"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102672"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1497170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14868"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2024.2430311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxac.2016.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.07.482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2022.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30281-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Monitor Drugs Incidenten Jaarrapportage 2023","author":"Trimbos\u2010instituut","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","volume-title":"Over NDM Colofon\u2014Nationale Drug Monitor","author":"Nationale Drug Monitor","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121390"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wroa.2023.100179"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etdah.2023.100053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.06.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2017.1320732"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1758"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01176-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","volume-title":"Drugsgerelateerde sterfte in beeld","author":"Vercoulen E","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"Mogelijk tientallen doden door Funcaps, waarom greep niemand in?","author":"NOS Nieuwsuur","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","volume-title":"Seizures of new psychoactive substances reported to the EU Early Warning System by country: quantity of material seized for all forms reported in weight, European Union, 2022","author":"European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1506130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1510502"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14060560"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32231-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2099887"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2025.2529105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02818-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.4.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2024.2333651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-023-00481-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X21000935"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","volume-title":"Drugs Informatie en Monitoring Systeem \u2010 Jaarbericht 2019","author":"Trimbos\u2010instituut","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","volume-title":"Drugs Informatie en Monitoring Systeem \u2010 Jaarbericht 2023","author":"Trimbos\u2010instituut","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000516853"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","unstructured":"vanBeekR. J. J.vanMiltenburgC. J. A.BlankersM.vanLaarM.Factsheet: Uitgaansgedrag en middelengebruik tijdens de coronapandemieUtrechtTrimbos\u2010instituut2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","unstructured":"NabbenT.BoekholtM.BenschopA.Antenne Nederland: Regiomonitor drugs en risicojongeren 2020\u20132021AmsterdamHogeschool van Amsterdam2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","volume-title":"Archivering 2024","author":"National Drug Monitor","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","volume-title":"Drugs Informatie en Monitoring Systeem \u2010 Jaarbericht 2020","author":"Trimbos\u2010instituut","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","volume-title":"Drugs Informatie en Monitoring Systeem \u2010 Jaarbericht 2021","author":"Trimbos\u2010instituut","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","volume-title":"Drugs Informatie en Monitoring Systeem \u2010 Jaarbericht 2022","author":"Trimbos\u2010instituut","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084427"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","volume-title":"Hospital emergency presentations and acute drug toxicity in Europe: update from the Euro\u2010DEN Plus research group and the EMCDDA","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.70511","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.70511","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.70511","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:01:46Z","timestamp":1789534906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.70511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.70511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.70511","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}