{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:47:32Z","timestamp":1792025252411,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The United Kingdom (UK) and Dutch governments have recently implemented mandatory financial risk (affordability) assessments for online gambling as a harm prevention measure. Assessments should trigger at a level of gambling expenditure that strikes a balance between harm prevention (most at\u2010risk consumers should surpass the threshold) and liberty preservation (most no\u2010\/lower\u2010risk consumers should gamble below it), yet little empirical research exists to guide threshold setting. We aimed to demonstrate how research can inform the harm\u2010prevention, liberty\u2010preservation trade\u2010off in this context and evaluate the UK's proposed implementation of financial risk assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We reanalysed a dataset that combines self\u2010reported Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) scores and open banking data from consumers who gamble (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009424) to (1) simulate the impact of the UK's rolling 30\u2010day \u00a3150 net\u2010deposit (deposits minus withdrawals) threshold for financial risk assessments, and (2) identify optimal threshold values for these assessments under different circumstances. Participants were UK residents who had gambled in the past year, recruited via Prolific in April 2024.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed a survey containing the PGSI and agreed to provide their past 12\u2009months' banking records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 12\u2009months, two\u2010thirds of at\u2010risk (PGSI \u22651) and nearly half of no\u2010\/lower\u2010risk participants crossed the UK's \u00a3150 threshold [area under the curve\u2009=\u20090.66, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 0.62\u20130.71], demonstrating a greater emphasis on harm prevention over liberty preservation. Increasing the value to \u00a3186.9 (95% CIs = \u00a369.5\u2013\u00a3401.7) slightly improved this balance, although \u00a3150 remained within the range of appropriate values. Optimising for harm prevention in our sample required lowering the threshold to \u00a339.0 (95% CIs = \u00a329.6\u2013\u00a358.8), while emphasising liberty preservation increased it to \u00a3716.5 (95% CIs = \u00a3508.5\u2013\u00a3990.9). We found that using a more conservative definition of risk (\u22652 PGSI harms) resulted in higher thresholds, and lower thresholds may be appropriate for younger adults (&lt;30\u2009years). Finally, our findings suggest that thresholds based on spending with all operators\u2014rather than single operators as implemented in the UK\u2014may be better able to differentiate at\u2010risk from no\u2010\/lower\u2010risk consumers, although the added benefit of this approach in our sample was marginal and further research is needed to confirm its value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The United Kingdom's \u00a3150 net\u2010deposit threshold for financial risk assessments for online gambling may place more emphasis on harm prevention than liberty preservation. This study provides a methodological template for guiding the implementation of financial risk assessments for online gambling. Because our sample is not representative of the broader UK gambling population, our specific threshold estimates should be treated as provisional.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T08:54:42Z","timestamp":1782291282000},"page":"2646-2658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Balancing harm prevention and liberty preservation when implementing financial risk assessments for gambling in the United Kingdom: Insights from open banking data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M.","family":"Heirene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, School of Psychology University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Newall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-022-10180-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1331252"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2022.00045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01150-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00167-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01045-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16571"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Kansspelautoriteit.Kansspelautoriteit [Internet].2025[cited 2025 Jul 21]. 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