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Comprehensive evidence linking alcohol intake to disease and mortality is limited. This study estimated associations between alcohol consumption in Korea and risks of morbidity and mortality for 39 diseases and conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study using National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) data linked with death records from Statistics Korea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population\u2010based customized NHIS data, a mandatory single\u2010payer system covering the entire Korean population, between 2006 and 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>6\u2009214\u2009569 participants (57.36% males) aged \u226520\u2009years who underwent two general health examinations during 2006\u20132009 and were disease\u2010free at baseline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alcohol consumption was categorized by drinking status and daily pure alcohol intake (seven levels in 10\u2009g\/day increments), averaged across two measurements (2006\u20132007, 2008\u20132009). The reference group comprised current abstainers at both examinations. Outcomes included incident cases, all\u2010cause and cause\u2010specific deaths for 39 diseases, followed through 2022. Covariates included age, income, body mass index, smoking, physical activity and comorbidities. Hazard ratios and lifetime risks were estimated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, 79.3% of men and 39.0% of women were current drinkers. For cancer (450\u2009738 cases), alcohol consumption was statistically significantly associated with increased risks of seven cancers in men and four in women. On average, lifetime incidence rate of alcohol\u2010related cancers was 9.96% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 9.83\u201310.09] among current drinkers and 7.88% (95% CI = 7.73\u20138.03) among current abstainers in men (2.1% difference). Among women, corresponding rates were 10.28% (95% CI = 10.07\u201310.50) vs. 9.89% (95% CI = 9.78\u20139.99) (0.4% difference). For diseases of the circulatory system (2\u2009998\u2009902 cases of ten subtypes), alcohol consumption was associated with increased risks of eight subtypes in men and two in women. In contrast, J\u2010 or U\u2010shaped association was observed for ischemic heart diseases, heart failure (men) and cardiac arrhythmias (women), which was no longer evident in analyses using light drinking as the reference. Additionally, statistically significant positive association was exhibited in 14 other conditions among men and six among women. For mortality, alcohol consumption was associated with a lifetime incidence rate of death from any cause of 41.70% (95% CI = 41.40\u201342.01), compared with 39.06% (95% CI = 38.69\u201339.43) among current abstainers in men, a 2.6% difference. It was also associated with mortality from 15 diseases in men and nine in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alcohol consumption in Korea appears to be associated with numerous diseases and conditions, highlighting the need for strengthened national alcohol control policies. Protective effects of alcohol on cardiac health should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:06:33Z","timestamp":1782925593000},"page":"2671-2681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alcohol consumption and the risks of morbidity and mortality across 39 diseases and conditions: A population\u2010based cohort study in Korea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7227-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi Tra","family":"Bui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and AI National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee\u2010Yeon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and AI National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and AI National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5844-5625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"EunKyo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and AI National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy  Goyang Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Early Detection, National Cancer Control Institute National Cancer Center  Goyang Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine National Cancer Center  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin\u2010Kyoung","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and AI National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy  Goyang Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Control Institute National Cancer Center  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Global status report on alcohol and health 2018.2024. 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