{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:26:39Z","timestamp":1787631999972,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31DA061593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31DA061593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) may improve addiction medicine workflows and health outcomes but raises questions about data privacy and unintended harms for people who use drugs (PWUD). This qualitative study aimed to understand the perspectives of clinicians and PWUD regarding perceived benefits and concerns about clinical AI in addiction medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A qualitative study with one\u2010on\u2010one semi\u2010structured interviews about AI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Addiction medicine clinicians in Rhode Island (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097), Massachusetts (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092) and Pennsylvania (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093), USA. PWUD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200925) residing in Rhode Island.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2025, a purposive sample of 12 clinicians and 25 PWUD participated. Eligible clinicians were English\u2010speaking, \u226518\u2009years old, licensed and provided care to PWUD exposed to xylazine in Rhode Island, Massachusetts or Pennsylvania. PWUD recruited from four Rhode Island social service organizations were eligible if they reported past\u2010month illicit fentanyl and xylazine use, lived in Rhode Island or Massachusetts and were English\u2010speaking and \u226518\u2009years old. Eight (67%) clinicians were women and 10 (83%) were white non\u2010Hispanic. Fifteen (60%) PWUD were men and 17 (68%) were white non\u2010Hispanic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcribed audio\u2010recorded interviews exploring benefits and concerns about clinical AI in addiction medicine. Clinician interviews were analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis to assess the breadth of clinical experience, whereas PWUD interviews were analyzed following inductive thematic analysis to assess depth of lived experience. Five themes were produced.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five themes were generated: (1) transparently developed and accurate clinical AI tools offer practical benefits; (2) clinician comfort with clinical AI hinges on transparent development and assurances against the perpetuation of drug\u2010related stigma; (3) clinical AI may not keep pace with the volatile and regionally specific drug supply; (4) PWUD have limited AI knowledge and some characterized AI as untrustworthy; and (5) PWUD are altruistically motivated to release medical data for clinical AI development but want control over identifiable data usage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinicians and patients feel that artificial intelligence in addiction medicine holds promise, but they are concerned about clinical relevance, stigma perpetuation and the privacy of potentially incriminating data about illicit drug use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:12:03Z","timestamp":1787631123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinicians' and people who use drugs' perspectives on artificial intelligence in addiction medicine"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1462-1150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick J. A.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences Brown University School of Public Health  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity Brown University School of Public Health  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Policy and Practice Brown University School of Public Health  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Informatics Brown University Division of Biology and Medicine  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9006-6262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences Brown University School of Public Health  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies Brown University School of Public Health  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5017-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Biello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences Brown University School of Public Health  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Brown University School of Public Health  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Center for Epidemiologic Research Brown University School of Public Health  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"The Fenway Institute Fenway Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0134-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon D. L.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Brown University School of Public Health  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research Excellence on Opioids and Overdose Rhode Island Hospital  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4517-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiah D.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Brown University School of Public Health  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research Excellence on Opioids and Overdose Rhode Island Hospital  Providence RI USA"},{"name":"The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4722-8179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn M. 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