{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:08:07Z","timestamp":1789178887338,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 (DA053192)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 (DA053192)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine whether and how rates of adolescent cannabis use disorder (CUD) in California, USA, changed after recreational cannabis legalization (RCL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population\u2010based time\u2010series study of adolescents aged 13 to 17\u2009years with Kaiser Permanente Northern California healthcare system membership from January 2014 to February 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The sample (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009637\u2009461) was 66.45% non\u2010White, 50.93% male, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 14.07 (1.43) years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure variables included California state RCL passage (9 November 2016), which legalized possession, home grows and reduced penalties for underage possession; and implementation of legal recreational sales (1 January 2018). Outcome was the count of incident CUD diagnoses in each month, extracted from the electronic health record. Interrupted time series analyses were fit using Poisson regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the best fitting model, prior to RCL passage, CUD rates were decreasing [adjusted rate ratio (aRR)\u2009=\u20090.95 per year, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92\u20130.97]. Rates increased at the time of RCL passage + 6\u2010month lag (adjusted slope change aRR\u2009=\u20091.26, 95% CI = 1.14\u20131.38). At RCL implementation + 6\u00a0months, there was a statistically significant negative slope change (adjusted slope change aRR\u2009=\u20090.86, 95% CI = 0.76\u20130.98). CUD incidence continued to increase, but was no longer statistically significant (adjusted trend aRR\u2009=\u20091.02, 95% CI = 0.96\u20131.09).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among adolescents in Northern California, USA, trends in incident cannabis use disorder rates appeared to increase following recreational cannabis legalization passage, with increasing rates persisting through retail implementation and three years post\u2010passage. Results underscore the importance of monitoring cannabis use disorder, in addition to measures of cannabis use prevalence and frequency, when evaluating the public health implications of cannabis legalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:43:11Z","timestamp":1789177391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adolescent cannabis use disorder following recreational cannabis legalization in California, USA: A population\u2010based interrupted time series study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2681-2464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisa A.","family":"Padon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute  Oakland CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California  Pleasanton CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey E.","family":"Alexeeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California  Pleasanton CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4930-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie E.","family":"Slama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California  Pleasanton CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalie Liccardo","family":"Pacula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Addiction Science University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"},{"name":"Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2680-7393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn D.","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute  Oakland CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6987-8423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacy A.","family":"Sterling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California  Pleasanton CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1019-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia I.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California  Pleasanton CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek D.","family":"Satre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California  Pleasanton CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique B.","family":"Does","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California  Pleasanton CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6177-534X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly C.","family":"Young\u2010Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California  Pleasanton CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Carnevale Associates LLC.Status of state marijuana legalization: November 2020.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975\u20132025: overview and key findings for secondary school students","author":"Miech RA","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00247-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2022.100436"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01806-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"A developmental perspective on alcohol and other drug use during adolescence and the transition to young adulthood","author":"Schulenberg J","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2021.82.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2025.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.7720"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"GordonN.Similarity of Adult Kaiser Permanente Members to the Adult Population in Kaiser Permanente's Northern California Service Area: Comparisons based on 2017\/2018 cycle of the California Health Interview Survey.2020.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.21338.35524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"Judicial Branch of California.Proposition 64: The Adult Use of Marijuana Act.2025.https:\/\/courts.ca.gov\/programs-initiatives\/criminal-justice-services\/proposition-64-adult-use-marijuana-act. Accessed 17 Dec 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9094-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"YangD DaltonJE.A unified approach to measuring the effect size between two groups using SAS.2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Auditor of the State of California.Department of Cannabis Control: unclear rules and insufficient enforcement hamper its ability to identify packaging that is attractive to children. California.2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104718"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"AllenJ BenowitzN BluthenthalR CarliniBH CooperZ FongT et al.Report and recommendations of the high potency Cannabis think tank to the state of California.2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20240269"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-022-00461-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.111113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209345"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2024.108046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0022"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.70597","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.70597","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.70597","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:43:14Z","timestamp":1789177394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.70597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.70597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.70597","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"add.70597"}}